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. 2019 Jun 26;10:1368. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01368

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Copyright © 2019 Cheng, Eade and Wiedmann.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proposed evolution of NTS virulence plasmids. The ancestral IncFIIA evolved into plasmids pSDV (Dublin) and pSPV (Gallinarum/Pullorum), or fused with replicon IncFIB in the pSTV (Typhimurium) lineage (Rychlik et al., 2006). pSCV (Choleraesuis) and pSEV (Enteritidis) are derived from pSTV (Chu and Chiu, 2006). Colored segments indicate gene clusters. Hatched lines indicate loss of function of the tra locus (Rotger and Casadesús, 1999). Although pSPV encodes tra genes, this plasmid is mobilized via the F-plasmid (Chu and Chiu, 2006). Plasmids and genes are not drawn to scale. This figure is inspired by the theories proposed by Rychlik et al. (2006) and others (Feng et al., 2012).