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. 2019 Jun 21;10:614. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00614

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Copyright © 2019 Kwan, Huang, Leung, Dong and Tsim

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The parameters of mitochondrial respiration in DBT, ASR, AR, and ASR+AR applied H9C2 cells. Cultured H9C2 cells were treated with herbal extracts as that in Figure 2 . The effects of different extracts to basal respiration, proton leak, ATP production, spare respiratory capacity, maximal respiration, and non-mitochondrial respiration were measured and compared. The OCR value in pmol/min/mg of protein was shown. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 3, each with triplicate samples. Statistical comparison was made of the sample with the lowest value of corresponding concentration, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.