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. 2019 Jun 20;10:1404. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01404

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Copyright © 2019 Faraj, Stover and Erridge.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The TLR-stimulant content of some processed foods can greatly exceed that of the normal mouse ileal microbiota. (A–C) Soluble TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5-stimulants were quantified in processed foods (n = 14), mouse chow (n = 6), mouse ileal ingesta (n = 5), mouse feces (n = 10) and human feces (n = 6) using HEK-293-TLR transfectants. (D-F) Pro-inflammatory cytokine production by primary human monocytes (n = 3 donors) exposed to extracts of mouse ileal ingesta, minced meat or chocolate (n = 5 extracts of each type), diluted 1:10 (wt/vol) in culture medium. P-values vs. ileal contents, ANOVA with Tukey's test.