Table 1.

Effects of exosomes/exosomal components on IBD.

Exosomal components	Origins	Effects and mechanisms	Significance	Exosome structure effects	References
MiR21	Substance P-induced colon ECs	Regulates immune cell proliferation and migration	Treatment	Membrane carrier	(48)
ANXA1	Serum of DSS induced acute UC mice	Anti-inflammation, protection of epithelial barrier	Treatment	Enhancement of ANXA1 efficacy	(49)
PSMA7	Saliva of IBD patients	High expression, be found only expressed in IBD	Diagnosis	Protection and long-distance transportation	(17)
TKT, TLN1, WDR1, NUCB2, BASP1, PSMB7, IGHV4OR	Saliva of IBD patients	Be found only expressed in IBD	Diagnosis	Membrane carrier	(17)
IBD acute phase proteins and Ig	Serum of acute colitis mice	Induces MAPK and TNF-α activation, indicates macrophage activation	Diagnosis/Treatment	Membrane carrier	(16)
Dietary proteins (immunogens)	IECs	Promotes antigen presentation, increases intestinal permeability	Treatment	Transfer the components	(50)
TGF-β1	TGF-β1 gene-modified DCs	Inhibits Th17 cell development	Treatment	Enhances the effects of TGF-β1	(20)
Phenolic compounds	Grape juice	Inhibits TNF-α and NF-κB	Treatment	Drug carrier	(14, 51)

ANXA1/2, Annexin A1/2; BASP1, brain acid soluble protein 1; CD, crohn's disease; DC, dendritic cell; DSS, dextran sulfate sodium; EC, epithelial cell; IEC, intestinal epithelial cell; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IGHV4OR, putative V-set and immunoglobulin (Ig) domain-containing-like protein; miRNA, microRNA; miR21, miRNA21; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappaB; NUCB2, nucleobindin; PSMA7, proteasome subunit alpha type-7; PSMB7, proteasome subunit beta type-7; TKT, transketolase; TLN1, talin-1; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-beta1; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; UC, ulcerative colitis; WDR1, WD repeat-containing protein 1.