Fig 3. Networks of biochemical parameters during chronic HBV and vivax malaria infections.

(A) Correlation matrices of plasma levels from multiple biomarkers of inflammation and tissue damage were evaluated in 127 asymptomatic vivax malaria, 29 HBV, 141 symptomatic vivax, and 28 coinfected patients. The colors represent whether the correlation was positive or negative in Spearman’s test (red illustrates positive correlations, blue illustrates negative correlations). Each stroke represents a significant (P<0.05) and strong (modular r value ≥ 0.6) interaction detected by the network analysis. (B) Correlations of IFN-γ and TNF-α levels with viral load in HBV (upper panel) or coinfected (lower panel) patients.