Table 16.1.

Effects of seizures on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus

Animal characteristics	Model of seizures	Effect on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus	Reference
PN0–4 Sprague-Dawley rats	PN0–4 flurothyl seizures (brief, repetitive)	1–5 brief flurothyl seizures had no effect on neurogenesis	[69]
		25 flurothyl seizures over 4 days reduced neurogenesis in the dentate
PN1–7 Wistar rats	Recurrent pilocarpine SE (PN1, PN4, PN7)	Reduced neurogenesis on PN8, PN14	[124]
	BrdU (PN7, PN13, PN20, PN48)	Increased neurogenesis on PN49
PN9 rats	PN9: kainic acid SE (2–3 h)	Reduced neurogenesis in the superior blade of the dentate	[59]
	BrdU: 3 h after kainic acid
PN6–20 Sprague-Dawley rats	1–3 episodes of kainic acid SE between PN6–20	Reduced number of BrdU-positive neurons in rats with 3 SEs, assessed on PN13, PN20, PN30, but not at earlier timepoints	[63]
	BrdU after each seizure and 4 h prior to sacrifice
PN10	PN10: Hyperthermic seizures (<30 min)	Normothermia-exposed males had more BrdU-positive cells than females	[61]
Sprague-Dawley male, female rats	PN11–16: Brdu injections	Hyperthermia had no acute effect on neurogenesis (assessed at PN17)
		Following hyperthermic seizures, newborn neurons in males survived better till PN66 than in females
PN15 Sprague-Dawley rats	PN15: flurothyl SE	Increased neurogenesis after SE	[78]
	PN17: BrdU injection	Further increased in malnourished animals
PN21, PN35 Sprague-Dawley rats, both sexes	Lithium-pilocarpine SE	Increased neurogenesis in both age groups	[98]
	BrdU 3th-6th day after SE	No association with cell loss or subsequent probability for epilepsy
Adult	Pilocarpine-SE (3–5 h)	Increased neurogenesis at 3, 6, and 13 days post-pilocarpine SE	[86]
Sprague-Dawley rats	BrdU: 1–27 days post-pilocarpine
Adult	Pilocarpine or kainic acid induced SE (1 h)	Newborn neurons born after SE migrate into the CA3 layer, maintain many granule cell characteristics (electrophysiological, morphological). However, they are NPY or GAD negative, have bipolar dendrites, and integrate abnormally, firing synchronously to CA3 pyramidal neurons	[100]
Sprague-Dawley rats	BrdU: 4–11 or 26–30 days post SE
Adult female mice (nestin-GFP transgenic mice)? (8 week old)	Kainic acid SE (2–3 h)	Increased neurogenesis post-SE seen with the doublecortin positive neurons but not with the nestin or calretinin positive neurons	[48]
	BrdU: 8 days post SE	Increased dispersion of newborn cells was seen with both doublecortin and calretinin positive neurons after SE
Adult male Sprague- Dawley rats	Amygdala kindling	Increased neurogenesis after >9 stage 4–5 seizures but not after 4–6 seizures	[84]
	BrdU: 1 day after last kindled seizure or stimulation	Neurogenesis may not play a role in kindling development
Adult male Wistar rats	Amygdala kindling	Increased neurogenesis seen only at the BrdU late group (after stage 5 seizures)	[105]
	BrdU early group: on the 2nd-4th stimulation days
	BrdU late group: on the days of their 2nd-4th stage 5 seizure
Adult C57BL/6J mice	Flurothyl kindling	Increased neurogenesis after:	[28, 29]
	BrdU injections 0–28 days after 1 or 8 flurothyl seizures	1–3 days following 1 seizure
		0–7 days after 8 seizures
		Greater degree of neurogenesis in dorsal than in ventral hippocampus, but the seizure induced increase in newborn cells was greater in the ventral hippocampus
Adult F344 rats (4 months old)	Kainic acid i.c.v. or graded kainic acid SE (<6 h) i.p.	16 days post-SE: Increased number of doublecortin positive neurons in the dentate	[40]
		5 months after SE: decreased numbers of doublecortin positive neurons in the dentate
Adult F344 rats (12 month old)	Kainic acid SE (i.p.)	Increased neurogenesis in the dentate, but to a less degree than in younger rats	[106]
	BrdU: day 0–12 after SE

Seizures have age and model-specific effects on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus

BrdU bromodeoxyuridine, GAD glutamic acid decarboxylase, GFP Green fluorescent protein, i.c.v intracerebroven- tricular, i.p. intraperitoneal, NPY neuropeptide Y, PN postnatal day, SE status epilepticus