Fig. 1.

Schematic overview of the study design. Volunteers were screened for pneumococcal carriage on day −4, after which they received live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) or control vaccine on day −3 (dashed arrow), followed by pneumococcal inoculation on day 0 (solid arrow) and sampling visits on days 2, 7, 9 and 29. Only participants in whom S. pneumoniae 6B was detected by conventional culture at days 2, 7, and/or 9 were visited for sampling on days 14 and 21 (grey shaded area). Red numbers mark the time points at which microbiota data were available