Table 1.
Overall summary of findings by outcome measures.
| Outcome measures | Number of studies | Quality of evidencea | Summary of findings (number of studies reporting direction of association across the PA domains)b |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiometabolic outcomes | |||
| HTN | 5 | Very low |
Total PA: null (1), mixed (1) OPA: null (1), mixed (1) Walking: null (1) |
| T2DM | 3 | Very low |
Total PA: null (1), mixed (1) LTPA: mixed (2) Walking, cycling: null (1) |
| CHD/CVD risk | 3 | Very low | Total PA: null (2), negative (1) |
| Obesity measures | 5 | Very low |
Total PA: negative (2) Walking: null (2), negative (1) |
| Breast cancer | 2 | Very low |
HPA (5–6 hr/day): negative (2) Walking: mixed (1) Watching television: null (1) |
| Musculoskeletal conditions | |||
| Osteoporosis | 5 | Very low |
Total PA: null (1), negative (2) LTPA: null (1), negative (1) Walking: null (1) |
| Back pain | 1 | Very low | Walking, moderate and vigorous total PA: mixed (1) |
aThe quality of evidence is assessed using the GRADE criteria and has been downgraded from “low” to “very low” for all the studies because of the serious risk of bias and/or serious imprecision indicating that future studies are highly likely to change the estimate and/or the level of confidence in the estimates.
bThe number of studies reporting null/mixed associations will not add up to the total number of studies for an outcome measure as some studies have reported more than one domain of PA.