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. 2019 Jul 5;9:9789. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46201-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Design of the acoustic levitation device for preparation of epithelial cell sheets. The transducer creates an acoustic resonance in the medium-filled cavity beneath the mirror. Cells or microspheres are suspended in the centre plane of the cavity, scale bar is 15 μm and image taken by PGJ. (a) Acoustic forces are strongest in the axial direction (F_A), with a weaker lateral component (F_L) bringing cells together and forming an epithelial cell sheet. (b) Modelling of the acoustic field²¹, confirms that there is a pressure nodal plane (zero potential energy density – P.E.) corresponding to the levitation plane, within which, there are local maxima (marked with cross-hairs) in the kinetic energy density (K.E.) at which the mono-layer aggregates are formed. (c) Representative schematic diagram (d) and image of device (e). Not to scale.