Table 3.

Summary of findings on means and standard deviations for lateral heterophoria at far and near fixations.

Authors/Ref number	Country of study	Study Setting	Age (years)	Sample size	Technique	Far horizontal (pd)	Near horizontal pd
Present study	South Africa	SS	13–18	1056	von Graefe	−0.1 ± 1.7	−1.7 ± 4.2
Mathebula26	South Africa	CS	20–36	139	von Graefe	N/A	−2.1 ± 6.2
Mathebula25	South Africa	SS	6–13	900	Maddox rod	−0.2 ± 1.1	−2.5 ± 2.3
Makgaba27	South Africa	CS	18–38	336	von Graefe	−0.7 ± 2.8	−3.8 ± 4.8
Morgan10	USA	CS	Prepresbyopes	800	von Graefe	−1 ± 2	−3 ± 3
OEP58	USA	CS	Adults	Thousands	von Graefe	−0.5 (SD N/A)	−6
Haines6	USA	CS	Presbyopes	500	von Graefe	0 ± 1	−4.8 ± 3.2
Betts and Austin9	USA	SS	10–14	126			−3 ± 2.0
Shephard11	USA	CS	Adult & children	2000	–	−1 ± 2.5	−5 ± 5
Jackson and Goss14	USA	CS	7.9–15.9	244	von Graefe	−1 ± 2	−3.0 ± 4.0
Saladin and Sheedy15	USA	SS	20–30 years	103	von Graefe	1.0 ± 3.5	0.5 ± 6
Lyon et al.32	USA	SS	6–11	879	M/Thorington	2	−1 ± 4.0
Jimenez et al.13	Spain	SS	6–12	1056	M/Thorington	+ 0.7 ± 4.4 (eso)	−0.1 ± 3.8
Lanca and Rowe24	Portugal	SS	6–14	530	Cover test	−0.1 ± 0.6	−1.8 ± 2.6
Leone et al.29	Australia	SS	6–12	4093	Cover test	N/A	−3.9
Chen et al.30	Malaysia	SS	2–15	268	Maddox wing	N/A	−1.3
Chen and Abidin31	Malaysia	SS	7–12	60	Howard Card	−0.2 ± 0.8	−1.8 ± 3.9
Razavi et al.23	Iran	CS	20–40 university students	111	Maddox wing	N/A	−2.2 ± 3.0
Yekta et al.22	Iran	SS	18–35 university students	382	CT	−1.1 ± 2.0	−5.0 ± 4.7

Values in minus sign = exophoria. N/A = information is not available.