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. 2019 Jul 5;19:162. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2574-9

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — The effects of succinic acid and anti-inflammatory drugs on inflammatory cytokine production. THP-1 human macrophage cells were stimulated with LPS in the presence of the indicated concentrations of each drug and the production of various inflammatory cytokines after 4 h of stimulation were measured by ELISA. Results are presented on a scale that is normalised against results for LPS-only cells. Culture supernatant concentrations of IL-1α (a-d), IL-1β (e-h), IL-8 (i-l) and TNFα (m-p) in the presence of hydrocortisone (a, e, I, m), ibuprofen (b, f, j, n), paracetamol (c, g, k, o) or succinic acid (d, h, l, p). Points represent mean ± SE of 3 independent experiments