Table 3.
Qualitative independent variables grouped on basis of lipohypertrophic status and the significance of observed differences
| Variables | Total (n = 296), n (%) | Lipohypertrophy present (n = 169), mean ± SD | Lipohypertrophy absent (n = 127), mean ± SD | Significance (Pearson chi-square test) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 139 (46.9) | – | – | – |
| Female | 157 (53.1) | – | – | – |
| Age | ||||
| ≤ 60 years | 62 (20.8) | 50 ± 5 | 55 ± 4 | NS |
| > 60 years | 234 (79.2) | 67 ± 7 | 67 ± 7 | NS |
| Diabetes duration | ||||
| 1 year | 63 (21.2) | 8 ± 2 (months) | 8 ± 2 (months) | NS |
| > 1 ≤ 5 years | 233 (78.8) | 3 ± 2 | 3 ± 3 | NS |
| > 5 years | – | – | – | – |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| 16.00–18.49 (underweight) | 36 (12.0) | 17 ± 1 | 17 ± 2 | NS |
| 18.50–24.99 (normal weight) | 213 (72.0) | 23 ± 1 | 22 ± 7 | NS |
| 25.00–29.99 (overweight) | 47 (16.0) | 25 ± 2 | 25 ± 1.8 | NS |
| Injection device | ||||
| Pen | 237 (80.0) | – | – | – |
| Syringe | 59 (20.0) | – | – | – |
| Needle length | ||||
| 4 mm | 33 (11.1) | 10.0% | 32.0% | 0.0089 |
| 5 mm | 105 (35.4) | 15.1% | 31.1% | 0.0073 |
| 6 mm | 106 (35.8) | 40.2% | 30.0% | 0.035 |
| 8 mm | 52 (17.7) | 35.1% | 7.2% | 0.098 |
| Needle reuse | ||||
| 1–3 times | 94 (31.8) | 19.4% | 79.6% | 0.00023 |
| 3–6 times | 115 (38.9) | 50.0% | 50.0% | 0.78 |
| > 6 times | 87 (29.2) | 65.2% | 34.8% | 0.0089 |
| No. of injection sites | ||||
| 1 site | 163 (55.0) | 39% | 5% | 0.00027 |
| 2 sites | 89 (30.1) | 43% | 15% | 0.0075 |
| > 2 sites | 44 (14.9) | 18% | 8% | 0.054 |
| Size of injection area (cm × cm) | ||||
| Credit card size (8.56 × 5.39) | 124 (41.8) | 24% | – | – |
| Playing card size (8.89 × 6.35) | 84 (28.6) | 38% | 12% | 0.0019 |
| Post card size (14 × 9) | 47 (15.8) | 22% | 16% | 0.0721 |
| A4 sheet size (29.5 × 22.0) | 41 (13.8) | 16% | 72% | 0.00048 |
| Systematic injection site rotation | ||||
| Non-compliant | 218 (73.6) | 88% | 21% | 0.00081 |
| Compliant | 78 (26.4) | 12% | 78% | 0.00074 |
NS not significant