. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: West J Nurs Res. 2019 Jan 7;41(11):1602–1622. doi: 10.1177/0193945918820672

Table 3.

Urine sex hormones in intervention and control groups (N = 13).

Urine Sex	Baseline (M ± SD)			6 months (M ± SD, % change^a)			9 months (M ± SD, % change^a)
Hormones	DEEM	Control	p^b,d	DEEM	Control	p^c,d	DEEM	Control	p^c,d

Urine E1, _ng/dl	1.1 ± 0.1	2.9 ± 0.2	.212	2.6 ± 0.3 (73.3%)	1.3 ± 0.2 (−55.2%)	.035	1.5 ± 1.1 (36.4%)	2.5 ± 2.0 (−13.8%)	.253
Urine E2, _ng/dl	1.6 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.8	.365	1.9 ± 0.1 (20.3%)	1.0 ± 0.1 (−9.9%)	.085	1.6 ± 1.6 (6.4%)	1.3 ± 1.6 (24.8%)	.140
A-dione, _ng/dl	47.1 ± 4.3	62.9 ± 6.0	.622	48.3 ± 4.8 (2.5%)	54.2 ± 3.4 (−13.8%)	.808	65.1 ± 6.0 (38.3%)	54.2 ± 3.4 (−13.8%)	.685
DHEA, _ng/dl	323.6 ± 33.7	97.2 ± 3.3	.215	42.4 ± 3.5 (−87%)	60.4 ± 3.2 (−38.0%)	.462	190.1 ± 2.5 (−137.6%)	60.4 ± 3.2 (−38.0%)	.626
T, _ng/dl	2.0 ± 0.2	3.6 ± 0.3	.305	2.20 ± 0.2 (10.0%)	2.9 ± 0.3 (−19.0%)	.935	3.1 ± 0.3 (31%)	2.0 ± 0.2 (−19.4%)	.935

Note. M = mean; SD = standard deviation.

A-dione = androstenedione; DHEA = dehydroepiandrosterone; E1 = estrone; E2 = estradiol; T = testosterone.

% changes from mean at baseline to each time point (at 6 months and at 9 months).

Testing the differences of baseline between DEEM intervention and control groups.

Testing the differences of changes in urine sex hormones from baseline to each time point (at 6 months and at 9 months) between DEEM and control groups, controlling for baseline sex hormones.

p < 0.05, p-values were determined with rank-transformation using a Kruskal-Wallis test.