Table 2.
Prediabetes status in early pregnancy and pregnancy outcomesa
| Outcomes | Prediabetes status in early pregnancy | Age adjusted relative risk (95% CI)b |
Multivariate adjusted relative risk (95% CI) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal A1C <5.7% |
PrediabeticA1C 5.7–6.4% |
|||||
| n = 6,727 | n = 237 | |||||
| n | % | n | % | |||
| Maternal outcomes | ||||||
| Gestational diabetes diagnosis | 710 | 10.6 | 113 | 47.7 | 4.18 (3.59, 4.87) | 2.78 (2.37, 3.25) |
| Higher than recommended weight gainc | 3147 | 48.4 | 83 | 36.6 | 0.77 (0.65, 0.92) | 0.74 (0.63, 0.88) |
| Primary cesarean deliveryd | 1,100 | 18.6 | 42 | 23.1 | 1.20 (0.91, 1.58) | 1.01 (0.78, 1.32) |
| Preeclampsia | 249 | 3.7 | 14 | 5.9 | 1.60 (0.95, 2.69) | 1.11 (0.66, 1.87) |
| Induction of labor | 1,867 | 27.8 | 80 | 33.8 | 1.21 (1.01, 1.46) | 1.13 (0.94, 1.35) |
| Neonatal outcomes | ||||||
| Large for gestational age | 604 | 9.0 | 21 | 8.9 | 0.98 (0.63, 1.51) | 1.01 (0.66, 1.54) |
| Small for gestational age | 465 | 6.9 | 24 | 10.1 | 1.48 (1.00, 2.18) | 1.22 (0.83, 1.77) |
| Preterm birth | 327 | 4.9 | 20 | 8.4 | 1.68 (1.09, 2.59) | 1.42 (0.91, 2.23) |
| NICU admission | 308 | 4.6 | 16 | 6.8 | 1.47 (0.90, 2.40) | 1.33 (0.81, 2.18) |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | 117 | 1.7 | 7 | 3.0 | 1.68 (0.79, 3.57) | NAe |
| Macrosomia | 121 | 1.8 | 6 | 2.5 | 1.46 (0.58, 3.71) | 1.68 (0.67, 4.23) |
Abbreviations: A1C, hemoglobin A1C; ACOG, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.
Women who did not have complete data were excluded (n = 54, 0.8% of the cohort). Early pregnancy A1C value was defined as A1C value measured before 20 weeks’ gestation.
Relative risks were estimated by modified Poisson’s regression with robust standard errors. Numbers outside the parentheses are point estimates of the relative risks and numbers inside the parentheses are associated 95% confidence intervals. Multivariate analysis adjusted for maternal age, race/ ethnicity, education, parity, prepregnancy BMI, chronic hypertension, smoking during pregnancy, and Medicaid insurance.
Restricted to 6,731 women with data on gestational weight gain and classified according to ACOG’s guideline on gestational weight gain.15
Restricted to 5,103 women who did not have a previous cesarean delivery.
Number too small to yield a reliable estimate.