Table 1.

Healthspan index: Benefits and risks of TRF and exercise in aged, obese mice

	Summary data: Mean ± SEM or Number (%)			Effect: Positive = 1, None = 0, Negative = −1		p‐Value
	FD‐SD	FD‐TRF	FD‐EX	FD‐TRF	FD‐EX	FD‐TRF	FD‐EX
Reduced fat mass	20 months: 20.5 ± 1.2 g 24 months: 18.7 ± 1.4 g	20 months: 19.2 ± 1.5 g 24 months: 13.0 ± 1.6 g	20 months: 20.5 ± 1.2 g 24 months: 15.4 ± 1.0 g	1	1	0.0095a	0.0461a
Maintained lean mass	20 months: 25.6 ± 0.5 g 24 months: 25.2 ± 0.6 g	20 months: 27.5 ± 0.7 g 24 months: 25.2 ± 0.8 g	20 months: 26.3 ± 0.5 g 24 months: 25.7 ± 0.5 g	−1	1	0.0197a	0.8349a
Increased running time	814.6 ± 47.3 s	890.8 ± 87.3 s	1,165.0 ± 120.3 s	0	1	0.8474b	0.0396b
Enhanced nest building performance	AUC: 47.9 ± 3.5	AUC: 63.8 ± 5.9	AUC: 41.7 ± 4.9	1	0	0.0266c	0.5142c
Improved glucose tolerance	AUC: 23,691 ± 1,418	AUC: 18,692 ± 404.9	AUC: 22,645 ± 1,579	1	0	<0.0001c	0.6563c
Reduced circulating insulin	1.8 ± 0.4 ng/ml	0.9 ± 0.1 ng/ml	1.5 ± 0.5 ng/ml	0	0	0.3116b	0.8852b
Increased ejection fraction	70.9 ± 1.8%	65.7 ± 1.2%	67.2 ± 1.3%	0	0	0.0716b	0.1509b
Increased carotid distensibility	AUC: 1,335 ± 96.5	AUC: 1,116 ± 71.4	AUC: 1,229 ± 47.2	−1	0	0.0195c	0.1436c
Reduced liver enzymes (either)	ALP: 100.3 ± 13.1 U/L ALT: 125.6 ± 13.6 U/L	ALP: 47.5 ± 8.5 U/L ALT: 96.2 ± 21.4 U/L	ALP: 69.4 ± 11.2 U/L ALT: 106.3 ± 16.5 U/L	1	0	ALP: 0.0148b ALT: 0.4503b	ALP: 0.1158b ALT: 0.6332b
Reduced tumor burden	5/7 (71%)	3/6 (50%)	7/10 (70%)	0	0	0.5921d	>0.9999d
Total				2	3

^aANOVA of 24‐month values, adjusting for baseline 20‐month values; model includes FD‐SD, FD‐EX, and FD‐TRF, with FD‐SD as control.

^bANOVA of 24‐month values; model includes FD‐SD, FD‐EX, and FD‐TRF, with FD‐SD as control.

^c2‐way ANOVA including FD‐SD, FD‐EX, and FD‐TRF, with FD‐SD as control.

^dFisher's exact test.