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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Prev Med. 2019 Mar 21;56(5):680–688. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.12.016

Table 1.

Overall Prevalence and Tests of Trends for Past-Year Violence Prevention Program Participation, 2002–2016

During the past 12 months, have you participated in a violence prevention program, where you learn ways to avoid fights and control anger?
Youth subgroups No (n=198,213; 85.5%), % (95% CI) Yes (n=33,658; 14.5%), % (95% CI) Pooled data, AOR (95% CI) Test of trend (year by year data), AOR (95% CI)
All adolescents 85.76 (85.57, 85.95) 14.24 (14.05, 14.43) 0.975** (0.972, 0.978)
Sociodemographic factors
 Age, years
  12–14 46.67 (46.18, 46.75) 62.85 (62.16, 63.53) 1.936** (1.876, 1.997) 0.969** (0.965, 0973)
  15–17 53.53 (53.25, 53.82) 37.15 (36.47, 37.84) 0.985** (0.979, 0.991)
 Sex
  Female 48.88 (48.59, 49.18) 49.21 (48.53, 49.89) 1.038* (1.007, 1.069) 0.972** (0.968, 0.976)
  Male 51.12 (50.82, 51.41) 50.79 (50.11, 51.47) 0.978** (0.973, 0.983)
 Race/ethnicity
  White 64.62 (64.17, 65.06) 51.92 (51.09, 52.74) 0.971** (0.967, 0.976)
  Black 14.14, (13.88, 14.40) 25.93 (25.18, 26.69) 1.986** (1.911, 2.065) 0.981** (0.973, 0.989)
  Hispanic 21.25 (20.88, 21.62) 22.16 (21.42, 22.91) 1.183** (1.131, 1.239) 0.977** (0.968, 0.987)
 Income
  <$20,000 16.09 (15.79, 16.39) 23.78 (23.15, 24.43) 1.413** (1.339, 1.491) 0.982** (0.973, 0.990)
  $20,000–$39,999 20.71 (20.44, 20.98) 23.65 (22.97, 24.33) 1.206** (1.150, 1.264) 0.982** (0.974, 0.991)
  $40,000–$74,999 28.20 (27.92, 28.48) 25.89 (25.25, 26.53) 1.073** (1.029, 1.119) 0.973** (0.966, 0.980)
  ≥$75,000 35.00 (34.56, 35.44) 26.69 (26.04, 27.35) 0.966** (0.959, 0.972)
 Father in household
  No 25.54 (25.26, 25.83) 31.82 (31.17, 32.49) 0.982** (0.976, 0.988)
  Yes 74.46 (74.17, 74.74) 68.18 (67.51, 68.83) 0.996 (0.961, 1.032) 0.972** (0.968, 0.976)
 Urbanicity
  Non-metro 93.48 (93.25, 93.70) 93.28 (92.84, 93.70) 0.980** (0.967, 0.994)
  Metropolitan 6.52 (6.30, 7.16) 6.72 (6.30, 7.16) 1.070* (1.007, 1.136) 0.975** (0.971, 0.978)
Use of violence
 Past year
  No 73.54 (73.31, 73.76) 62.35 (61.62, 63.09) 0.970** (0.966, 0.974)
  Yes 24.46 (26.24, 26.69) 37.65 (36.91, 38.38) 1.487** (1.439, 1.537) 0.985** (0.979, 0.992)

Notes: AORs for pooled data adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, household income, father in household, urbanicity, and survey year. Tests of trends conducted while controlling for all sociodemographic factors. Boldface indicates statistical significance (*p<.05; **p<?).