Fig. 7.

Conceptual diagram of the relationship between the bud bank, above-ground stem density and above-ground net primary production (ANPP). Modified from Ott and Hartnett (2012a) and Reichmann and Sala (2014). Not all species have buds that transition from year to year. Species that lack long lived buds (i.e. the horizontal arrow) are unable to buffer against inter-annual climatic variability. Long-lived bud banks serve as a mechanism by which lag effects on stem densities and productivity are produced.