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. 2019 Mar 10;123(7):1159–1165. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcz021

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Experimental groups of P. lundii in open-field cerrado. (A) Control. No treatment was done and all floral visitors had free access to the capitulum and flowers. (B) Exclusion (anemophily test). We isolated the capitulum with a voile bag so no floral visitor could access the capitulum. (C) Ants. We built pyramidal shacks that prevented access by flying visitors and allowed only access to ground visitors, especially ants. (D) No ants. A band of sticky Tanglefoot® resin (Grand Rapids, MI, USA) was applied to a plastic ring (10 cm) that was buried around the plant, preventing ant access to the plant, and all aerial bridges were clipped, allowing only flying visitors to reach the capitulum.