Table 1.
Baseline demographic, anthropometric, medical and biochemical characteristics of the study population.
| T2D (n = 75) | Non-T2D (n = 65) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years | 70 ± 9 | 75 ± 9 | 0.002 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 36 (48) | 32 (49) | 0.884 |
| Black and south Asian minority ethnicity | 19 (25) | 3 (5) | 0.003 |
| History of smoking, n (%) | 36 (48) | 39 (60) | 0.156 |
| Anthropometrics | |||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 146 ± 26 | 143 ± 23 | 0.502 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 74 ± 12 | 75 ± 12 | 0.673 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 72 ± 13 | 68 ± 14 | 0.057 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 36 ± 7 | 31 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| Medical history | |||
| Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) | 59 (79) | 29 (45) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 19 (25) | 24 (37) | 0.138 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 72 (96) | 55 (85) | 0.021 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia, n (%) | 43 (57) | 26 (40) | 0.041 |
| Angina, n (%) | 15 (20) | 8 (12) | 0.221 |
| Previous myocardial infarction, n (%) | 14 (19) | 9 (14) | 0.443 |
| Previous HF hospitalization, n (%) | 63 (84) | 47 (72) | 0.094 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 28 (37) | 19 (29) | 0.311 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 1 (1) | 2 (3) | 0.477 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 8 (11) | 11 (18) | 0.262 |
| Asthma or COPD, n (%) | 14 (19) | 10 (15) | 0.607 |
| Medications | |||
| Metformin, n (%) | 35 (47) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Sulphonylurea, n (%) | 12 (16) | 0 (0) | 0.001 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 23 (31) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Beta blocker, n (%) | 48 (64) | 47 (72) | 0.294 |
| ACEi or ARB, n (%) | 66 (88) | 54 (83) | 0.406 |
| Aldosterone antagonist, n (%) | 21 (28) | 22 (34) | 0.455 |
| Loop diuretic, n (%) | 67 (89) | 46 (71) | 0.005 |
| Functional status | |||
| NYHA class I/II, n (%) | 46 (61) | 51 (79) | 0.028 |
| NYHA class III/IV, n (%) | 29 (39) | 14 (22) | 0.028 |
| 6-minute walk distance (m) | 187 ± 93 | 208 ± 90 | <0.001 |
| Minnesota living with HF score | 50 ± 21 | 41 ± 25 | 0.068 |
| Biochemistry | |||
| Glycated haemoglobin, % | 7.3 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Glycated haemoglobin (mmol/mol) | 56 ± 16 | 39 ± 2 | <0.001 |
| Sodium, mmol/l | 139 ± 3 | 140 ± 4 | 0.095 |
| Urea, mmol/l | 9 ± 4 | 9 ± 4 | 0.947 |
| Creatinine, mmol/l | 101 ± 32 | 92 ± 32 | 0.140 |
| Haemoglobin (g/l) | 125 ± 22 | 132 ± 21 | 0.064 |
| BNP (ng/l) | 172 ± 147 | 172 ± 134 | 0.987 |
| NTproANP (pg/ml) | 5970 ± 2870 | 7372 ± 2689 | 0.005 |
Bold numerals indicate statistical significance.
ACEi, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; bpm, beats per minute; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HF, heart failure; NTproANP, N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association functional class; T2D, type 2 diabetes mellitus.