Table 2.
Echocardiography, CMR and plasma biomarker data comparing diabetic versus non-diabetic patients with HFpEF. Adjusted for gender, history of hypertension and serum creatinine.
| T2D | Non-T2D | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Echocardiography | |||
| E deceleration time (ms) | 244 ± 77 | 229 ± 78 | 0.361 |
| E (cm/s) | 85 ± 31 | 80 ± 27 | 0.602 |
| A (cm/s) | 91 ± 23 | 79 ± 25 | 0.032 |
| E/A ratio | 0.87 ± 0.42 | 1.02 ± 0.61 | 0.225 |
| Average E/e’ | 14 ± 5 | 12 ± 4 | 0.039 |
| CMR LV volumes and function | |||
| Indexed end-diastolic volume, ml/m2 | 76 ± 17 | 81 ± 20 | 0.298 |
| Indexed end-systolic volume, ml/m2 | 34 ± 10 | 36 ± 11 | 0.203 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 57 ± 5 | 56 ± 5 | 0.309 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 55 ± 15 | 49 ± 13 | 0.024 |
| LV mass/volume, g/ml | 0.72 ± 0.15 | 0.62 ± 0.16 | 0.001 |
| CMR LA volumes and function | |||
| Maximum indexed LA volume, ml/m2 | 48 ± 20 | 59 ± 29 | 0.004 |
| Minimum indexed LA volume, ml/m2 | 33 ± 21 | 45 ± 29 | 0.003 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 35 ± 17 | 30 ± 16 | 0.017 |
| CMR RV volumes and function | |||
| Indexed end-diastolic volume (ml/m2) | 79 ± 19 | 81 ± 20 | 0.546 |
| Indexed end-systolic volume (ml/m2) | 37 ± 14 | 38 ± 15 | 0.660 |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 55 ± 9 | 54 ± 11 | 0.564 |
| CMR tissue characterization | |||
| LGE present, n (%) | 41 (54) | 25 (40) | 0.092 |
| Presence of MI, n (%) | 14 (19) | 9 (14) | 0.674 |
| Presence of non-infarct LGE, n (%) | 29 (39) | 20 (31) | 0.328 |
| ECV (%) | 28 ± 5 | 28 ± 5 | 0.683 |
| iECV (ml/m2) | 15.2 ± 5.0 | 13.5 ± 3.9 | 0.122 |
| CMR perfusion | |||
| Reversible perfusion defect, n (%) | 20 (28) | 10 (16) | 0.097 |
| Plasma biomarkers | |||
| FABP4 (ng/ml) | 12.3 (8.6–18.3) | 8.9 (5.4–15.4) | 0.176 |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 41.5 (33.7–76.0) | 72.1 (45.1–114.3) | 0.001 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/ml) | 4.2 (3.5–5.6) | 3.9 (3.1–4.7) | 0.185 |
| Interleukin-8 (pg/ml) | 3.5 (2.4–5.0) | 2.7 (2.1–4.0) | 0.046 |
| TNFR1 (ng/ml) | 6.3 (4.3–8.9) | 4.8 (3.8–6.3) | 0.009 |
| SerpinE1 PAI1 (ng/ml) | 189.3 (149.1–350.7) | 153.3 (98.3–246.5) | 0.103 |
| GDF15 (ng/ml) | 3.0 (1.7–4.6) | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) | 0.007 |
| MMP7 (ng/ml) | 38.2 (20.7–87.3) | 19.6 (12.7–34.4) | 0.002 |
| TIMP1 (ng/ml) | 675.7 (570.0–840.3) | 527.4 (437.2–658.5) | 0.001 |
Bold numerals indicate statistical significance.
CMR, cardiovascular magnetic resonance; ECV, extracellular-volume fraction; FABP4, fatty-acid-binding protein 4; GDF15, growth-differentiation factor 15; iECV, ECV indexed to body surface area; LA, left atrium; LGE, late gadolinium enhanced; LV, left ventricle; MI, myocardial infarction; MMP7, matrix metalloproteinase 7; RV, right ventricle, Serpin E1 PAI1, SerpinE1 plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1, TIMP1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1; TNFR1, tumour necrosis factor receptor 1.