. 2019 Jul 5;11:1179299X19860815. doi: 10.1177/1179299X19860815

Table 5.

Biomarkers in chemo-resistance to carboplatin and paclitaxel in advanced ovarian cancer.

Chemotherapy	Macromolecule	Biomarker	Source	Cellular mechanism	Clinical phenotype	Chemo-resistance	Reference
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Heat shock protein 10 (HSP-10) ↓	Tissue	Inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	¹⁵⁹
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) ↑	Tissue	Promotes tumour invasion	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^159,178
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	DNA	Ecotropic virus integration site 1 protein homolog (EVI1) ↑	Tissue	Inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^156,179
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	DNA	SH3 domain-containing kinase-binding protein 1 (CIN85) ↓	Tissue	Inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^156,180
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	DNA	Endophilin A1 (SH3GL2) ↓	Tissue	Inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^156,181
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Ki-67 ↑	Tissue	Marker for increased cell proliferation	Responder	N/A	¹⁸²
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette sub-family C member 2 (ABCC2) ↓		Increases apoptosis	Responder	N/A	^182,183
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	mRNA	Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) ↑	Tissue	Enhances ovarian cancer cell proliferation through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^184,185
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	mRNA	Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) ↑	Tissue	Inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^186,187
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	mRNA	E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F) ↑	Tissue	Inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^186,188
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	mRNA	Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) ↓	Tissue	Inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^186,189
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	mRNA	FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog (FOS) ↑		Inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^186,190
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	mRNA	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, member 10A (TNFRSF10A) ↓	Tissue	Inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	¹⁸⁶
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	mRNA	TNF receptor superfamily, member 10C (TNFRSF10C) ↓	Tissue	Decreased activity as p53-regulated DNA damage-inducible gene	Non-responder	Intrinsic	¹⁸⁶
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	mRNA	TNF receptor superfamily, member 10D (TNFRSF10D) ↑	Tissue	Inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	¹⁸⁶
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	mRNA	TNF receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF-1) ↓	Tissue	Increases apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^186,191
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	mRNA	Goosecoid homeobox (GSC) ↑	Tissue	Increases metastasis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^186,192
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	mRNA	Snail homolog 1 (SNAI 1) ↑	Tissue	Inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^186,193
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Class III β-tubulin (TUBB3) ↑	Cell line	Cytoskeletal modulation and overcomes stress conditions	Non-responder	Acquired	¹⁹⁴
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Lewis y ↑	Tissue	Increases cell adhesion and invasion	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^195,196
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	CD44 ↑	Tissue	Increases cell adhesion and invasion, increases drug efflux	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^195–197
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	CD147 ↑	Tissue	Interacts with drug resistance proteins	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^195,198
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) ↑	Tissue	Increases tumour cell proliferation	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^195,199
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Integrin α5β1 ↑	Tissue	Increases cell adhesion and invasion	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^195,200
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Integrin αvβ3 ↑	Tissue	Increases cell adhesion and invasion	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^195,201
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	CD44 ↑	Tissue	Increases cell adhesion and invasion, increases drug efflux	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^196,197,202
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	IL-8 ↑	Tissue	Inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^202,203
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	α-Enolase (ENO1) ↑	Tissue	Cytoskeleton modulation and inhibition of apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^{114,204–206}
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Enoyl CoA hydratase (ECH) ↑	Tissue	Decreases apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^114,207
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Prohibitin (PHB) ↑	Tissue	Inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^114,208
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Peroxiredoxin-4 (PRDX4) ↑	Tissue	Overcomes stress condition and inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^114,209,210
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Fibrin β ↑	Tissue	Increases tumour angiogenesis and inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^{114,211–213}
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Fibrin γ ↑	Tissue	Increases tumour angiogenesis and inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^{114,211–213}
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Heat shock protein-27 (HSP27) ↑	Tissue	Increases apoptosis and reduces drug efflux	Responder	Intrinsic	^114,214,215
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Actin (ACT) ↑	Tissue	Increases apoptosis	Responder	Intrinsic	^114,216,217
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particle (hnRNP) ↑	Tissue	Increases apoptosis	Responder	Intrinsic	^114,218,219
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Aldose reductase (ALDR) ↑	Tissue	Increases apoptosis	Responder	Intrinsic	^114,220,221
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	α-enolase (ENO1) ↑	Tissue	Cytoskeleton modulation and inhibition of apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^{204–206,222}
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Elongation factor Tu mitochondrial (TUFM) ↑	Tissue	Regulation of autophagy and innate immunity	Non-responder	Intrinsic	²²²
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) ↑	Tissue	Increases glycolysis enhancing cell survival	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^222,223
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Stress-70 protein mitochondrial (GRP75) ↑	Tissue	Inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	^222,224
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	Protein	Annexin A 1 (ANXA1) ↑	Tissue	Overcomes stress and inhibits apoptosis	Non-responder	Intrinsic	²²²