Table 2. Comparison of predicted and observed X-ray beam-induced heating.
The models used are described in the main text. The temperature change calculated using the basic model assumes 30 ms of exposure to X-rays (the approximate time taken to reach a steady-state temperature; Fig. 6 ▸). The KKT model and observed temperature rises are steady-state temperatures. The dose rate is calculated from the average diffraction-weighted dose reported by RADDOSE-3D.
| ΔT (K) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample | Energy (keV) | Sample size (µm) | Cryogen | Dose rate (MGy s−1) | Basic model | KKT model | Observed |
| Ruby | 9.2 | 20 | Nitrogen | 7.44 | 296 | 61.6 | 27 |
| 40 | Nitrogen | 5.16 | 205 | 120.6 | 58 | ||
| Helium | 5.16 | 205 | 50.5 | 39 | |||
| 12.8 | 20 | Nitrogen | 1.52 | 60 | 12.5 | 7 | |
| 40 | Nitrogen | 1.08 | 43 | 25.2 | 21 | ||
| Helium | 1.08 | 43 | 10.5 | 15 | |||
| Protein | 9.2 | 20 | Nitrogen | 2.30 | 138 | 5.7 | — |
| 40 | Nitrogen | 1.68 | 101 | 11.8 | — | ||
| Helium | 1.68 | 101 | 5.0 | — | |||
| 12.8 | 20 | Nitrogen | 0.458 | 27 | 1.4 | — | |
| 40 | Nitrogen | 0.336 | 138 | 2.4 | — | ||
| Helium | 0.336 | 138 | 1.0 | — | |||