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. 2019 Jun 17;116(27):13523–13532. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1901182116

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Morphine regulates gut and systemic TLR2 expression through gut microbiome. (A−C) The up-regulation of TLR2 expression by morphine was suppressed in GF and ABX mice; nGF = 3; nSPF = 12 to 15. (D−F) Morphine induced TLR2 expression in GF mice following gavaging with naïve mouse microbiota; nGF = 3. (A–F) Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. (G−I) The microbiota FMT from morphine-tolerant mice alone increased TLR2 expression in GF and ABX mice; nGF = 3; nABX = 5. Two-tailed Student’s t test was used for statistical analysis. (J and K) Morphine analgesic tolerance was determined in WT, TLR2KO, and TLR4KO mice. Ftail flick (5, 46) = 75.71; Fhot plate (5, 46) = 42.04; n = 8 to 10. (L) (i) Representative images and (ii) summary of fluorescent signal distribution in morphine-treated WT, TLR2KO, and TLR4KO mice; n = 6 to 10. (M) Visualization of bacterial colonies in blood agar plates from liver homogenates. (J–M) One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test was used for statistical analysis. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001. Mean ± SD.