Fig. 3.

Influence of body size on mating position in C. columbae (female on top, male on bottom in all photos). Still photographs are from videos (SI Appendix). (A and B) Abdomens are parallel during copulation in pairs of lice with typical dimorphism (Movie S1). (C and D) Relatively large males seldom succeed in copulating, but when they do, they are S-shaped (Movie S2). (E and F) Females copulating with relatively small males, which is also rare, are arched during copulation (Movie S3). Dimorphism scores (male length − female length): A and B = −346 μm; C and D = −197 μm; E and F = −561 μm.