Table 4.
Pooled analyses of total dairy and individual forms of dairy and risk of incident HBP
| TOTAL DAIRY | Cases | I /100K py | Age-Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Multivariable HR (95% CI)1 | Multivariable + BMI HR (95% CI)2 |
| <0.5/day | 7976 | 2610 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.5–<1.5/day | 37974 | 2682 | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) |
| 1.5–<3/day | 28270 | 2580 | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | 0.90 (0.87–0.92) | 0.90 (0.88–0.93) |
| 3–<6/day | 8163 | 2156 | 0.92 (0.89–0.94) | 0.84 (0.81–0.87) | 0.87 (0.84–0.90) |
| P for linear trend3 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||
| I2 | 87.4 | 91.6 | 74.3 | ||
| Per 1 serving/day | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 0.94 (0.93–0.95) | 0.96 (0.95–0.96) | ||
| YOGURT | Cases | I /100K py | Age-Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Multivariable HR (95% CI)4 | Multivariable + BMI HR (95% CI)2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1/month | 35368 | 2594 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1/month–<1/week | 17754 | 2530 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) |
| 1–<2/week | 17441 | 2749 | 0.94 (0.93–0.96) | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) |
| 2–<5/week | 10111 | 2463 | 0.90 (0.88–0.92) | 0.91 (0.89–0.93) | 0.94 (0.92–0.97) |
| ≥5/week | 1709 | 1993 | 0.82 (0.78–0.86) | 0.84 (0.80–0.88) | 0.90 (0.86–0.95) |
| P for linear trend3 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||
| I2 | 4.3 | 34.8 | 0.0 | ||
| Per 1 serving/day | 0.79 (0.76–0.82) | 0.82 (0.78–0.85) | 0.88 (0.85–0.92) | ||
| CHEESE | Cases | I /100K py | Age-Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Multivariable HR (95% CI)5 | Multivariable + BMI HR (95% CI)2 |
| <1/week | 13789 | 2507 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–4/week | 48922 | 2655 | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) |
| 5/week–<1/day | 14521 | 2563 | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) |
| 1–4/day | 5151 | 2182 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.94 (0.90–0.97) | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) |
| P for linear trend3 | 0.008 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||
| I2 | 77.0 | 81.8 | 48.0 | ||
| Per 1 serving/day | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 0.94 (0.91–0.96) | 0.92 (0.89–0.94) | ||
| MILK | Cases | I /100K py | Age-Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Multivariable HR (95% CI)6 | Multivariable + BMI HR (95% CI)2 |
| <4/week | 30843 | 2593 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 4/week–<1/day | 15429 | 2817 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) |
| 1–<2/day | 21038 | 2573 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) |
| 2–<6/day | 15013 | 2342 | 0.93 (0.91–0.95) | 0.88 (0.86–0.90) | 0.92 (0.90–0.94) |
| P for linear trend3 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||
| I2 | 92.0 | 93.1 | 80.6 | ||
| Per 1 serving/day | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | ||
1
Baseline model is adjusted for age, race, physical activity, smoking, family history of HBP, intakes of FV, total protein, and total energy.
2
Second model for each dairy food category adds BMI to each corresponding multivariable model.
3
Linear trend across intake categories was quantified with a Wald test for linear trend by assigning the median value from each category and modeling this variable as a continuous variable.
4
Baseline model plus intakes of milk and cheese.
5
Baseline model plus intakes of yogurt and milk.
6
Baseline model plus intakes of yogurt and cheese.