Table 1.
Overview
| Author | Year | Study Design | sample size | Humans/ Phantom | Primary Endpoint | Field of Interest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jiang W. | 2018 | case-control clinical trial | 12 | 12 rapid prototyping mandibular models 3D printed | better accuracy, applicability and efficiency | implantology |
| Murugesan YP. | 2018 | experimental study | age 15 to 70; 6 categories of dental groups | humans | improved algorithm provides overall acceptable range of accuracy with a shorter operating time | dental surgery (operazioni su dente) |
| Pulijala Y. | 2018 | Randomized control trial | 95 novice surgical residents | virtual phantoms | iVR experiences improve the knowledge and self-confidence of the surgical residents. a framework is needed. Tech is not available | maxillofacial surgery (lefort1) students, learning |
| Schreurs R. | 2018 | pilot experimental study | 1 skull model | 3d printed hard tissue model | a novel navigation concept for orbital reconstruction that provides real-time intuitive feedback during insertion of an orbital implant has been presented | maxillofacial, orbital implant placement |
| Won JY. | 2017 | method description | 1 model | phantom | simple method descrption (already existing software) | inferior nerve block anesthesia |
| Zhou C. | 2017 | clinical trial | 4 osteotomies on two samples | dogs | In this study, the robot system based on AR promises a precise osteotomy plane even when operated by inexperienced plastic surgeons | Mandibular angle split osteotomy (MASO) |
| Plessas A. | 2017 | review | 16 articles included | students | combining and alternating the traditional and pioneering simulation methods and feedback may be of benefit to the learners. However, there is insufficient evidence to advise for or against the use | educational and preclinic |
| Llena C. | 2018 | case/control | 41 two groups | students on models | The AR techniques favoured the gaining of knowledge and skills | Cavity preparation |
| Zhu M. | 2017 | clinical trial | 20 patients | on printed models of human patients | easy manipulation and high accuracy | maxillofacial surgery/reconstruction - nerve position |
| Wang J. | 2017 | clinical trial | 1 subject 1 phantom | mandible and maxillar phantoms (3d printed) and a volunteer | simple method and can be integrated with OMS | New method in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) |
| Liu WP | 2015 | experimental clinical trial | 1 porcine tongue | computed tomography (CBCTA) and magnetic resonance (MR), Ex vivo (EV) porcine tongue phantoms | The 5 mm (mean) tool tracking error is not acceptable for clinical use and can be improved through intraoperative fluoroscopy. Experimental results show the feasibility and advantages | vascular landmarks for the resection of base of tongue neoplasm for transoral robotic surgery |
| Suenaga H. | 2015 | experimental clinical trial | 1 subject | human | displayed 3D-CT images in real space with high accuracy. | stereo vision in oral and maxillofacial surgery |
| Espejo-Trung LC. | 2015 | blinded clinical trial with questionnaires | dental students (n = 28), professors and postgraduate students in dentistry and prosthetics (n = 30), and dentists participating in a continuing education or remedial course in dentistry and/or prosthetics (n = 19). total: 77 | resin teeth scanned (XCadCam, Brazil); | This study’s methodology enabled the development of a learning object with a high index of acceptance among all groups, regardless of their ability with computers, gender, and age. | education |
| Qu M. | 2015 | randomized clinical trial | 20 patients with hemifacial microsomia 10 randomized and 10 control | humans | useful approach in mandibular distraction osteogenesis | transfer surgical planning to the surgical site in hemifacial microsomia elongment |
| Wang J. | 2014 | experimental clinical study | 1 phantom | A phantom experiment simulating oral and maxillofacial surgery was also performed to evaluate the proposed AR overlay device in terms of the image registration accuracy, 3D image overlay accuracy, and the visual effects of the overlay. | The experimental results show satisfactory image registration and image overlay accuracy, and confirm the system usability. Compensating 3D image distortion | a novel AR device for 3D image surgical overlay is presented |
| Badiali G. | 2014 | experimental phantom trial | physical replica of a human skull | phantom | Our results suggest that the WARM device would be accurate when used to assist in waferless maxillary repositioning during the LeFort 1 orthognathic procedure. Further, our data suggest that the method can be extended to aid the performance of many surgical procedures on the facial skeleton. Also, in vivo testing should be performed to assess system accuracy under real clinical conditions. | Le Fort I, OMS |
| Katić D. | 2015 | experimental animal study | 1 pig | pig corpse | The system made the surgery easier and showed ergonomical benefits, as assessed by a questionnaire. | augmented reality (AR) system for dental implant surgery |
| Wang J. | 2014 | experimental phantom study | 1 phantom | patient phantom | The application innovation of this paper is a 3-D image overlay-based AR navigation system for dental surgery. | Computer-assisted oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) matches dental edge |
| Zinser MJ | 2013 | clinical in vivo ttrial | sixteen adults class 3 humans | humans | the maxilla can be positioned independently and no intermediate intermaxillary splints are required. The surgeon gets a better feeling for the 3-dimensional nature of the maxilla, although he must adapt to the new technique | 3-dimensional contours of the virtually-planned and real-time maxillary positions can be superimposed to augment the surgeon’s perception to 3dimensional cephalometric landmarks |
| Lin YK | 2013 | in vitro study | 40 osteotomy sites on 4 maxillar and 4 mandibular sites | in vitro stereolitho | Deviation of implant placement from planned position was significantly reduced by integrating surgical template and augmented reality technology. | implant placement |
| Suenaga H. | 2013 | experimental clinical study | 1 volunteer and 1 plastic model | human/phantom | an accurate AR system for use in oral and maxillofacial dentistry that provides a real-time, in situ, stereo- scopic visualization of 3D-CT IV images overlaid onto the surgical site with the naked eye. | overlaying a three-dimensional computed tomography image on a patient’s surgical area, |
| Aichert A. | 2012 | experimental clinical study | 1 subject | human | a novel application of augmented reality in an orthodontics routine procedure. | guided bracket placement in orthodontic correction |
| Bruellmann DD. | 2013 | experimental in vitro study | 126 human teeth | human teeth in vitro | The realized software shows that observations made in anatomical studies can be exploited to automate real-time detection of root canal orifices and tooth classification | reliable detection of root canals |
| Zhu M. | 2011 | clinical in vivo ttrial | 15 patients | humans | This study has reported a new and effective way for mandibular angle oblique split osteotomy, and using occlusal splint might be a powerful option for the registration of augmented reality. | mandibular angle oblique split osteotomy (MASO) with occlusal splint |
| Bogdan CM. | 2011 | descriptive | virtual models | virtual models | project, is to increase the quality of the educational process in dental faculties, by assisting students in learning how to prepare teeth for all-ceramic restorations. | e-learning virtual reality-based software system that will be used for the developing skills in grinding teeth, needed in all-ceramic restorations. Virtual laboratory for the students of the dental medicine faculty |
| Suebnukarn S. | 2010 | descriptive | thirty-two sixth-year dental students | virtual models | the augmented kinematic feedback can enhance the performance earlier in the skill acquisition and retention sessions | haptic VR training system |
| Wierinck ER. | 2007 | experimental phantom study | Eighteen right-handed volunteers: operative dentists (EXP), the peri- odontologists (PER), and the naïve (NAIV) group | simulated patient or manikin with head and dentoform. | The VR simulator is a valid and reliable screening device to capture expert performance even after brief training to familiarize the subject with the new environment | tooth preparation, manual dexterity training |
| Mischkowski RA | 2006 | clinical trial | 5 patients | humans | Augmented reality tools like X-Scope® may be helpful for controlling maxillary translocation in orthognathic surgery. | maxillary positioning in orthognathic surgery |
| Wierinck ER. | 2006 | experimental in vitro trial | 36 dental students first year divide in 3 groups of 12 | phantoms | VR feedback enhances acquisition and retention of a cavity preparation task on a simulation unit | Cavity preparation simulators |
| Ewers R. | 2005 | retrospective review of clinical trials | 50 telemedically supported treatments. 20 videosequences of arthroscopies of the temporomandibular joint are transmitted via UMTS cellular phones and independently evaluated by 3 experts. | humans | In many applications telecommunication technology can contribute to a quality improvement in cranio- and maxillofacial surgery because of the global availability of specialized knowledge. | computer-assisted navigation technology in augmented reality environments with telecommunication is used for execution of interactive stereotaxic teleconsultation. Arthroscopic videos of the temporomandibular joint and other craniomaxillofacial structures. Orbitozygomatic osteotomies, positioning of the mandibular condyle in orthognathic surgery, insertion of implants, positioning of the maxilla in orthognathic surgery, distraction osteogenesis, arthroscopies of the temporomandibular joint, and operation simulations on stereolithographic models |
| Nijmeh AD | 2005 | review of the literature | n/a | CT, MRI, PET | guidance systems are useful tools for navigation of the surgical scene but not a substitute for sound surgical principles and a good knowledge of human anatomy. | oral surgery |
| Wierinck ER. | 2005 | clinical trial on students | 42 dental students | models | DentSimTM navigation system, was not suitable for manual skill learning in novice dental students. | manual dextrity training drilling a geometrical class 1 cavity |
| Ewers R | 2005 | review | One hundred and fifty-eight operations from 1995 to 2003 | humans | Our results indicate that the medical benefit is likely to outweight the expenditure of technology with few exceptions | positioning of dental implants; arthroscopies of the temporomandibular joint and intraoperative optoelectronical axiography osteotomies of the facial skeleton removal of foreign bodies, image guided biopsies, punctures of the trigeminal ganglion; resection of the temporal bone, tumor resection and reconstruction with calvarial transplant, reconstruction of the orbital floor, positioning of positioning-screws |