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Schematic diagram of hexokinase (HK) II-mediated alpha subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHA1) phosphorylation leading to the Warburg effect. Overexpression of HKII leads to accumulation of glycolytic intermediates, and HKII-mediated inactivation of PDHA1 decreases metabolic flux through tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Both events increase the Warburg effect and promote growth and proliferation of tumor cells. G6P, glucose 6-phosphate.
