Table 3.
Summary of Impact of Contraceptive Counseling in Clinical Settings for Adults and Mixed Populations
| Outcomes | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medium-term | Short-term | ||||||||||||
| Reference | Quality | Counseling | Long-term: Decreased Increased pregnancy contraceptive rate use | Increased use of more effective contraception | Increased correct use of contraception | Increased continuation of contraceptive use | Increased dual-method contraceptive use | Increased repeat or follow-up service use | Increased knowledge | Enhanced psychosocial determinants | Client experiences: Increased quality and satisfaction with service | Total outcomes with positive impact for studya | |
| Custo (1987)30 |
Level I; moderate risk for bias | Specific intervention | ↔ | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1/2 |
| Namerow (1989)32 |
Level II-1; high risk for bias | Specific intervention | ↔ | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | 1/3 |
| Todres (1990)45 |
Level II-3; high risk for bias | General counseling | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | 1/1 |
| Weisman (2002)40 |
Level II-2; high risk for bias | Specific aspect | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↑/↔ | ↑ | 3/3 |
| Boise (2003)38 |
Level II-3; high risk for bias | Specific intervention | NA | b | NA | b | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0/0 |
| Shlay (2003)35 |
Level I; moderate risk for bias | Specific intervention | ↔ | NA | ↑/↔ | NA | NA | ↑/↔ | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | 2/4 |
| Bender (2004)37 |
Level I; moderate risk for bias | Specific intervention | NA | ↔ | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0/2 |
| Gilliam (2004)31 |
Level I; moderate risk for bias | Specific intervention | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | ↔ | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | 1/3 |
| Yassin (2005)41 |
Level II-2; high risk for bias | Specific intervention | NA | B | b | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0/0 |
| Proctor (2006)44 |
Level II-2; high risk for bias | General counseling | NA | NA | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | 1/2 |
| Schunmann (2006)34 |
Level II-1; moderate risk for bias | Specific intervention | ↔ | ↔ | ↑ | NA | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1/4 |
| Nobili (2007)43 |
Level I; moderate risk for bias | Specific intervention | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | ↑ | NA | 3/3 |
| Petersen (2007)33 Petersen (2007)46 |
Level I; moderate risk for bias | Specific intervention | ↔ | NA | NA | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0/2 |
| Adams-Skinner (2009)36 |
Level II-2; high risk for bias | Specific intervention | NA | ↑/↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1/1 |
| Langston (2010)42 |
Level I; moderate risk for bias | Specific intervention | NA | NA | ↔ | NA | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0/2 |
| Lee (2011)39 |
Level II–2; high risk for bias | General counseling | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1/1 |
| Rubenstein (2011)c,21 |
Level II–2; high risk for bias | Specific aspect | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0/1 |
| Madden (2013)c,16 |
Level II–2; moderate risk for bias | Specific intervention | NA | NA | ↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0/1 |
| Bommaraju (2015)c,13 |
Level II–2; high risk for bias | Specific intervention | NA | NA | ↑/↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1/1 |
| Cha (2015)c,14 |
Level II–2; high risk for bias | General counseling | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1/1 |
| Zapata (2015)c,23 |
Level II–2; high risk for bias | General counseling | NA | ↑ | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2/2 |
| Dehlendorf (2016)c,15 Minnis (2014)c,19 |
Level II–2; moderate risk for bias | Specific aspect | NA | NA | ↑/↔ | NA | ↑/↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2/2 |
| Whitaker (2016)c,22 |
Level I; moderate risk for bias | Specific intervention | NA | NA | ↑/↔ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | 2/2 |
| Total studies with positive impacta | 0/6 | 5/9 | 8/13 | 1/3 | 1/5 | 1/1 | 0/2 | 3/3 | 2/2 | 3/3 | |||
Note: ↑statistically significant positive impact; ↓statistically significant negative impact;↔no evidence of a statistically significant impact.
a
Statistically significant.
b
No statistical testing conducted.
c
Newly identified evidence since 2015 review.
NA, not assessed; NR, not reported.