Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics by intervention group and hospitalization status over 24 months: the LIFE study
| Hosp. (n=187) | PA (n=669) No hosp. (n=482) | p-value | Hosp. (n=171) | HE (n=672) No hosp. (n=501) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean(SD) | 79.0 (5.4) | 78.3 (5.2) | 0.14 | 79.8 (5.2) | 78.7 (5.2) | 0.02 |
| >= 80 years old, n(%) | 79 (42.3) | 192 (39.8) | 0.57 | 87 (50.9) | 206 (41.1) | 0.03 |
| Female, n(%) | 126 (67.4) | 305 (63.3) | 0.32 | 107 (62.6) | 354 (70.7) | 0.05 |
| Non-Hispanic white, n(%) | 139 (74.3) | 358 (74.3) | 0.68 | 144 (84.2) | 376 (75.1) | 0.04 |
| College or higher education, n(%) | 111 (59.4) | 306 (63.5) | 0.49 | 112 (65.5) | 318 (63.5) | 0.65 |
| Married, n(%) | 79 (42.3) | 174 (36.1) | 0.24 | 57 (33.3) | 184 (36.7) | 0.70 |
| Annual income < $25,000 | 54 (28.9) | 136 (28.2) | 0.95 | 45 (26.3) | 145 (28.9) | 0.51 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 30.3 (5.8) | 30.1 (5.8) | 0.68 | 30.1 (6.1) | 30.6 (6.3) | 0.44 |
| Smoked 100+ cigarettes ever, n(%) | 102 (54.6) | 237 (49.2) | 0.41 | 84 (49.1) | 213 (42.5) | 0.32 |
| 3MSE score a, mean(SD) | 91.4 (5.3) | 91.9 (5.5) | 0.33 | 91.8 (5.4) | 91.6 (5.3) | 0.60 |
| Depression b, n(%) | 28 (15.0) | 69 (14.3) | 0.75 | 28 (16.4) | 57 (11.4) | 0.17 |
| Hospitalization history c, n(%) | 21 (11.2) | 26 (5.4) | 0.01 | 22 (12.9) | 30 (6.0) | <.01 |
| Comorbidities ≥ 2, n(%) | 57 (30.5) | 115 (23.9) | 0.18 | 63 (36.8) | 114 (22.8) | <.01 |
| SPPB score < 8 d, n(%) | 88 (47.1) | 198 (41.1) | 0.16 | 103 (60.2) | 206 (41.1) | <.01 |
| 400 meter walk < 0.8 m/sec, n(%) | 111 (59.4) | 287 (59.5) | 0.97 | 77 (45.0) | 299 (59.7) | <.01 |
| Wear days, mean(SD) | 8.0 (3.4) | 8.0 (3.2) | 0.89 | 8.1 (3.2) | 7.8 (3.1) | 0.27 |
| Wear minute/day, mean (SD) | 843.5 (120.2) | 837.4 (109.8) | 0.53 | 827.1 (85.8) | 837.7 (116.3) | 0.27 |
Note: PA – physical activity; HE – health education; hosp. – hospitalization. P-values were derived using either t-tests (continuous) or chi-squared tests (categorical) for each participant characteristic.
a
Modified Mini-Mental State Examination; score ranges between 0-100 where higher scores indicate better performance
b
Sought medical advice for depression in past 5 years
c
Self-reported hospitalizations occurring 6 months prior to baseline
d
Short Physical Performance Battery; score ranges between 0-12 where higher scores indicate better performance; scoring < 8 indicates poor functioning.