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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Aug 28.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Lett. 2019 May 14;458:102–112. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.040

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Sites of therapeutic intervention for NPs to generate anti-tumor immune responses in solid tumors. Anti-tumor immune responses result from the presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), stimulating protective T-cell responses, and overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). NPs can be used to activate these pathways to successfully deliver immunotherapeutics to solid tumors by: (1) enhancing delivery of nucleic acids encoding TAAs to improve delivery to antigen presenting cells for immune activation; (2) delivering nucleic acids to T-cells to promote their survival, proliferation, and anti-tumor phenotypes; and (3) alleviating the immunosuppressive signaling within the tumor microenvironment. Figure adapted from [141]