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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2019 Mar 22;236(5):1531–1544. doi: 10.1007/s00213-019-05217-z

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Influence of alcohol on the gut microbiome in rhesus macaques. (A) Family-level relative abundance of intestinal microbiota in the stool of rhesus macaques without exposure to alcohol (left), with long-term free access to alcohol (right), and following a period of abstinence from alcohol (middle). (B) Alpha diversity from fecal samples collected from control rhesus macaques and animals with chronic access to alcohol before and after abstinence using the Chao1 measure (control vs. alcohol abstinent: two-tailed Mann-Whitney p = 0.0076; control vs. alcohol drinking: two-tailed Mann-Whitney p = 0.0003; alcohol drinking vs. alcohol abstinent: two-tailed Wilcoxon 0.2983). (C) Alpha diversity using the Shannon measure (control vs. alcohol abstinent: two-tailed Mann-Whitney p = 0.0414; control vs. alcohol drinking: two-tailed Mann-Whitney p = 0.0047; alcohol drinking vs. alcohol abstinent: two-tailed Wilcoxon 0.0969).