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. 2019 Jun 24;471(8):1079–1094. doi: 10.1007/s00424-019-02291-2

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Plasma activin A exhibits circadian rhythmicity in healthy control rats, but the rhythm is obliterated by CKD. a Circadian rhythm of plasma activin A in healthy controls (red), PNX LP (gray), PNX SP (blue), and PNX HP rats (green). Controls showed circadian rhythm (p < 0.001) with a fourfold higher value at 20:00 compared with 14:00. The rhythm was obliterated in all PNX groups. b–e Cosinor analysis confirmed the existence of circadian rhythm in healthy controls, p < 0.01, with acrophase at 22:00 (b) and obliteration of rhythm in PNX LP (c), PNX SP (d), and PNX HP rats (e). f Non-fasting (black) and fasting (gray) plasma activin A levels in controls, PNX LP, PNX SP, and PNX HP rats. Fasting caused an increase in controls and PNX LP rats, but not in PNX SP or PNX HP rats. All PNX groups had higher non-fasting activin A levels as compared with controls. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 (compared with non-fasting). ##p < 0.01 and ###p < 0.001 (compared with non-fasting controls). PNX 5/6 partial nephrectomy, LP low-phosphate diet, SP standard-phosphate diet, HP high-phosphate diet. Mean ± SEM (a, f). Cosinor fit (b–e).