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. 2019 Jul 8;9:9830. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46388-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PCoA analysis of hornet gut microbiome samples. (a) PCoA plots of Jaccard distance. Each point represents individual sample and clustering of points means similarity in membership of OTUs among those samples. OTU membership was significantly different between host species (P = 0.0004, ANOSIM; P = 0.0002, PERMANOVA, 5000 times of permutations in each test). (b) PCoA plots of Bray-Curtis distance. Clustering of points means similarity in relative abundances of OTUs among those samples. Relative abundances of OTUs was significantly different between species (P = 0.007, ANOSIM and PERMANOVA, 5000 times of permutations in each test). Species and sampling locations were represented by sample IDs as follows; Vm and Vs, V. mandarinia and V. simillima, respectively; A and U, AIST and UT, respectively. For instance, VmA1 means V. mandarinia AIST-1. Red, V. mandarinia; blue, V. simillima.