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. 2019 Jul 8;9:9872. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46318-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of ParE^I toxin on E. coli growth, survival and cell morphology. J53(pJIMK78) growth is significantly inhibited compared to J53(pBAD24) empty vector, J53(pJIMK92) expressing the truncated ParE^I toxin and J53(pJIMK78 + pJIMK99) expressing both toxin and antitoxin, respectively, with ParE^I continually expressed from beginning of culture (a). Optical density (b) and viable bacterial count (c) were also reduced after toxin induction in mid-logarithmic phase. (d) Elongated cell morphology in J53(pJIMK78) with ParE^I toxin expressed (top panel) is similar to CIP-treated (0.25 µg/mL) J53 cells (bottom panel), while normal cell morphology is observed in the presence of the truncated toxin (2nd panel from bottom) or empty vector (2nd panel from top) or with the co-expression of toxin and antitoxin (3rd panel from top). Each experiment was repeated three times, and the mean values with standard deviations (error bars) are presented.