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. 2019 Jul 8;9:9872. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46318-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Role of ParDE^I TA system in antibiotic tolerance/persister cell formation. Survival after 5 h exposure to high doses of antibiotics CIP (□), GEN (■) and CTX (). E. coli J53 cells carrying ParDE^I (cloned in pJIMK86 or from the native plasmid pJIMK56) or ParE^I toxin alone (pJIMK78) induced with 0.2% arabinose increased survival by ~100 to 1,000-fold for CIP and GEN and ~10 to 100-fold for CTX; expressed as (a) relative survival and (b) as fold-change. (c) Expression of ParDE^I TA genes after exposure to sub-MIC concentration of different antibiotics (CIP, GEN and CTX antibiotic) is increased 3–4 folds within 60 min of CIP and GEN exposure but only slightly after CTX exposure. Antibiotic tolerance experiments (a,b) were repeated five times and gene expression experiment (c) was repeated 3 times. Mean values and standard deviations (error bars) are shown.

Inline graphic — Role of ParDE^I TA system in antibiotic tolerance/persister cell formation. Survival after 5 h exposure to high doses of antibiotics CIP (□), GEN (■) and CTX (). E. coli J53 cells carrying ParDE^I (cloned in pJIMK86 or from the native plasmid pJIMK56) or ParE^I toxin alone (pJIMK78) induced with 0.2% arabinose increased survival by ~100 to 1,000-fold for CIP and GEN and ~10 to 100-fold for CTX; expressed as (a) relative survival and (b) as fold-change. (c) Expression of ParDE^I TA genes after exposure to sub-MIC concentration of different antibiotics (CIP, GEN and CTX antibiotic) is increased 3–4 folds within 60 min of CIP and GEN exposure but only slightly after CTX exposure. Antibiotic tolerance experiments (a,b) were repeated five times and gene expression experiment (c) was repeated 3 times. Mean values and standard deviations (error bars) are shown.