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. 2019 Jul 8;10:3009. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10598-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Estimates of dosage compensation (DC) ratio and dosage compensation coefficient (DCC) for the UK Biobank (UKB) traits. a DC ratio with 95% confidence intervals (DC ratio +/− 1.96*SE) for 20 UKB traits as estimated using summary statistics from the association analyses. The black points indicate the DC ratio estimated using all SNPs on the X chromosome (non-pseudoautosomal region, non-PAR). For Height, Fat%, hBMD, RBC, Hgb and Hcrit the DC ratios are re-estimated excluding the SNPs in the regions of identified heterogeneity (Supplementary Table 4) and presented as coloured points (green: excluding region 1; yellow: excluding region 2; red: excluding region 3 or 4; blue: excluding region 1 and 3 or 4). The green and red dashed lines indicate the expectations under full DC (FDC) and lack of DC (No DC), respectively. The black solid line is the mean DC ratio (=1.88) after accounting for heterogeneity. b Male and female per-allele effect estimates (in standard deviation units) (+/- SE) are compared for the lead SNPs identified in the combined discovery analysis (M = 251). The SNPs located in the regions of heterogeneity for the six traits mentioned above are excluded. The green and red dashed lines indicate the expectations under FDC and no DC, respectively. The black line represents DCC (1.85, SE = 0.04). SE, standard error. M, number of lead SNPs. Traits: standing height (Height), forced expiratory volume in 1-second (FEV1), smoking status (Smoking), hand grip strength, right (Grip), body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (Fat%), basal metabolic rate (BMR), waist to hip ratio (WHR), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heel bone mineral density T-score (hBMD), fluid intelligence score (FI), neuroticism score (Neuroticism), educational attainment (EA), skin colour (Skin), hair colour (Hair), white blood cell (leukocyte) count (WBC), platelet count (Platelet), red blood cell (erythrocyte) count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hgb), Haematocrit percentage (Hcrit)