Table 1.

Summary of the main results reported based on graphene and its derivatives for nervous tissue engineering

Material	Coating	Cells	Results	Ref.
Graphene film	Poly-L-lysine	Mouse hippocampal neurons	Promoted neurite sprouting and outgrowth and the expression of growth-associated protein-43	[111]
Graphene rod	Gelatin	MSCs	Profound effect on the differentiation of MSCs to Schwann cell-like phenotypes and on their paracrine activity	[112]
3D hybrid graphene	None	NSCs	Facilitated the differentiated NSCs to bridge the spacing between skeletons and promoted the formation of neural networks	[113]
Graphene oxide	Polyvinylidene fluoride	PC12 cells	Promoted cell proliferation and could easily be converted into a nerve guidance conduit	[114]
Graphene oxide	None	NSCs	Selective differentiation of NSCs into mature oligodendrocytes	[117]
Reduced graphene oxide	None	Schwann cells, PC12 cells	Enhanced Schwann cell migration, proliferation, and myelination and induced the differentiation of PC12 cells	[115]
Reduced graphene oxide	None	SH-SY5Y cells	Oriented the growth of SH-SY5Y cells and enhanced SH-SY5Y cell neuronal differentiation and the formation of neural networks	[116]
Reduced graphene oxide	Collagen	MSCs	Supported MSC attachment, maintained cells in a more active proliferation and neural differentiation state, and promoted neurite sprouting and outgrowth	[118]
Reduced graphene oxide	Polycaprolac-tone	PC12 cells	Supported neural differentiation of PC12 cells	[119]
Graphene foam	None	NSCs	Supported NSC growth, maintained cells in an active proliferation state, and enhanced the NSC differentiation towards astrocytes and especially neurons	[120]

MSC = mesenchymal stem cell, NSC = neural stem cell.