Figure 5.

DNA oxidation damage was observed in mouse testes as a result of WPS use in mice. 8-Oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine/DAPI staining for mouse testes showed no nuclear disposition in control mice (a); an increase in the DNA oxidation represented by the increase in the intensity of 8-Oxo-dG (fluorescent green stain) in the nucleus of spermatocytes of the water pipe smoke- (WPS-) treated mice (b). The use of nootkatone in mice exposed to air (c) and the use of nootkatone for the mice exposed to WPS reduced the oxidation damage, and there was no nuclear disposition of 8-Oxo-dG (d).