Table 1.
Characteristics of US adults aged ≥ 18 years by glycemic status, NHANES 1988 to 2014
| 1988–1994 | 1999–2004 | 2005–2010 | 2011–2014 | p- value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosed diabetes | n=1265 | n=1406 | n=1918 | n=1381 | |
| Estimated population size, millions † | 9.5(0.4) | 14.3(0.6) | 18.0 (0.8) | 22.0 (0.9) | |
| Prevalence, % | 5.4 (0.2) | 7.2 (0.3) | 8.4 (0.4) | 9.7 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Mean Age, years | 60.2 (0.8) | 59.2 (0.6) | 59.7 (0.5) | 60.1 (0.4) | 0.995 |
| Female, % | 55.1 (2.7) | 51.5 (1.4) | 52.2 (1.7) | 51.2 (1.6) | 0.260 |
| Mean BMI, kg/m2 | 30.2 (0.3) | 31.9 (0.3) | 32.8 (0.2) | 33.0 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Mean WHTR | 0.625 (0.005) | 0.648 (0.005) | 0.659 (0.003) | 0.666 (0.004) | <0.001 |
| Uninsured, % | 9.3 (1.1) | 11.3 (1.1) | 11.0 (1.0) | 11.7 (1.0) | 0.150 |
| Non-Hispanic white, % | 73.6 (2.3) | 64.7 (3.0) | 61.3 (2.9) | 60.7 (2.9) | 0.001 |
| Not completing HS Education, % | 43.2 (2.9) | 34.1 (1.7) | 30.0 (1.2) | 23.9 (2.2) | <0.001 |
| At or below poverty, % | 17.4 (1.7) | 18.0 (1.5) | 15.2 (1.1) | 20.8 (2.2) | 0.427 |
| Time since diagnosis, y | 9.5 (0.3) | 12.1 (0.5) | 10.7 (0.3) | 11.6 (0.4) | 0.006 |
| Undiagnosed diabetes | n=504 | n=238 | n=310 | n=209 | |
| Estimated population size, millions † | 8.3(0.4) | 6.3(0.5) | 7.1(0.6) | 6.8(0.6) | |
| Prevalence, % | 4.7 (0.3) | 3.2 (0.2) | 3.3 (0.3) | 3.0 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Mean Age, years | 55.0 (0.8) | 57.9 (1.5) | 60.0 (0.9) | 55.9 (1.4) | 0.365 |
| Female, % | 52.1 (2.5) | 41.2 (3.7) | 36.7 (3.9) | 43.7 (5.9) | 0.140 |
| Mean BMI, kg/m2 | 29.2 (0.6) | 32.3 (0.8) | 33.1 (0.6) | 34.1 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Mean WHTR | 0.6 (0.007) | 0.644 (0.009) | 0.661 (0.008) | 0.675 (0.008) | <0.001 |
| Uninsured, % | 11.1 (1.4) | 17.7 (2.8) | 16.5 (2.6) | 21.6 (4) | 0.009 |
| Non-Hispanic white, % | 64.5 (3.2) | 71.6 (3.4) | 67.0 (3.9) | 50.8 (5.6) | 0.024 |
| Not completing HS Education, % | 38.8 (2.5) | 32.6 (3.8) | 24.4 (2.9) | 26.2 (3.2) | 0.001 |
| At or below poverty, % | 14.6 (1.7) | 15.9 (2.3) | 12.4 (2.5) | 21.9 (4.5) | 0.193 |
| Prediabetes | n=2620 | n=1921 | n=2609 | n=1701 | |
| Estimated population size, millions † FPG 100–125mg/dl or A1c 5.7–6.4% FPG 110–125mg/dl or A1c 5.7–6.4% FPG 110–125mg/dl or A1c 6.0–6.4% FPG 100–125mg/dl and A1c 5.7–6.4% |
56.2 (1.9) 32.6 (1.3) 17.9 (0.9) 12.1 (0.8) |
59.9 (2.3) 25.5 (1.1) 14.3 (0.7) 11.7 (0.7) |
77.5 (1.7) 39.8 (1.0) 20.1 (0.9) 18.7 (0.9) |
78.5 (2.7) 41.2 (1.6) 19.6 (1.2) 19.5 (0.9) |
|
| Prevalence, % FPG 100–125mg/dl or A1c 5.7–6.4% FPG 110–125mg/dl or A1c 5.7–6.4% FPG 110–125mg/dl or A1c 6.0–6.4% FPG 100–125mg/dl and A1c 5.7–6.4% |
31.7 (1.0) 18.4 (0.7) 10.1 (0.5) 6.8 (0.4) |
30.0 (1.2) 14.4 (0.6) 8.0 (0.4) 6.6 (0.4) |
36.0 (0.8) 22.5 (0.6) 11.3 (0.5) 10.5 (0.5) |
34.7 (1.2) 23.2 (0.9) 11.1 (0.7) 11.0 (0.5) |
0.003 <0.001 0.016 <0.001 |
| Mean Age, years | 51.7 (0.6) | 51.9 (0.5) | 52.1 (0.5) | 52.6 (0.4) | 0.221 |
| Female, % | 40.8 (1.3) | 41.8 (1) | 44.7 (1.3) | 47.3 (1.7) | 0.001 |
| Mean BMI, kg/m2 | 28.0 (0.2) | 29.5 (0.2) | 29.9 (0.2) | 30.1 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Mean WHTR | 0.576 (0.002) | 0.596 (0.003) | 0.602 (0.003) | 0.609 (0.004) | <0.001 |
| Uninsured, % | 14.7 (1.4) | 16.8 (1.2) | 19.2 (1.0) | 18.8 (1.5) | 0.025 |
| Non-Hispanic white, % | 74.9 (1.5) | 73.6 (2.3) | 70.1 (2.3) | 66.5 (2.8) | 0.004 |
| Not completing HS Education, % | 30.2 (2.1) | 23.3 (1.2) | 21.7 (1.3) | 19.6 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| At or below poverty, % | 12.8 (1.6) | 12.4 (1.4) | 13.7 (1.0) | 16.0 (1.3) | 0.096 |
| Normal glycemia | n=3618 | n=3075 | n=3024 | n=2172 | |
| Estimated population size, millions † | 103.2 (2.3) | 119.0 (2.5) | 112.4 (2) | 119.2 (2.7) | |
| Prevalence, % | 58.2 (1.3) | 59.6 (1.2) | 52.3 (0.9) | 52.6 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Mean Age, years | 39.7 (0.4) | 41.6 (0.5) | 40.8 (0.4) | 41.6 (0.6) | 0.027 |
| Female, % | 58.0 (1.1) | 56.5 (0.9) | 56.3 (0.8) | 55.0 (1.0) | 0.045 |
| Mean BMI, kg/m2 | 25.3 (0.1) | 26.7 (0.1) | 26.9 (0.2) | 27.3 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Mean WHTR | 0.519 (0.002) | 0.544 (0.002) | 0.547 (0.002) | 0.559 (0.003) | <0.001 |
| Uninsured, % | 14.8 (1.2) | 20.2 (1.2) | 21.5 (1.2) | 20.5 (1.2) | 0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic white, % | 78.7 (1.8) | 73.3 (1.8) | 71.7 (1.6) | 68.7 (2.5) | 0.001 |
| Not completing HS Education, % | 18.6 (1.1) | 17.2 (1.0) | 13.9 (0.9) | 13.1 (1.5) | 0.002 |
| At or below poverty, % | 11.7 (1.1) | 13.0 (1.0) | 11.8 (0.7) | 16.7 (1.9) | 0.032 |
Abbreviations:
NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; %, percent; BMI, body mass index; WHTR, waist-to- height-ratio; HS, high school
All estimates include standard errors in parentheses
Data were from the National Health and Nutrition Examinations Surveys
Diagnosed diabetes was defined by participants’ self-reporting physician diagnosis of diabetes.
Undiagnosed diabetes was defined as no self-reported diabetes diagnosis and FPG ≥126mg/dl (7.0mmol/L) or HbAlc ≥6.5% (48mmol/mol).
Characteristics of prediabetes population was for the group defined as no-self reported diabetes and FPG 100125mg/dl (5.6–6.9mmol/L) or HbA1c 5.7–6.4% (39–47mmol/mol).
Normal glycemic status was defined by no reported diabetes diagnosis and FPG <100mg/dl (5.6 mmol/L) and HbA1c <5.7% (39mmol/mol).
Population size was estimated for the civilian, non-institutionalized US adult population aged 20 years and older using Current Population Survey population totals and the proportion in each glycemic group.