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. 2019 Jul 8;10:205. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1304-z

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 7 — A single intranasal dose of adipose tissue-derived MSC secretome inhibited ethanol and nicotine intake and reduced the hippocampal oxidative stress (assessed by GSSG/GSH ratio) induced by chronic ethanol or nicotine intake. The hippocampi were extracted from rats chronically drinking alcohol or nicotine solutions 24 h a day, without deprivation periods. a Intranasal administration of one dose of MSC-derived secretome inhibited (85%) chronic ethanol intake within 48 h after the administration (two-tailed Student t test = 10.04, p < 0.001). b A single intranasal dose of MSC-derived secretome inhibited (75%) chronic nicotine intake (two-tailed Student t test = 5.06, p < 0.001) within 48 h after secretome administration. c Chronic ethanol-drinking rats treated with vehicle displayed an increased GSSG/GSH ratio (red bar) versus ethanol-naïve rats drinking only water (black bar). A single intranasal dose of secretome administered to ethanol drinking rats resulted in a full normalization of the GSSG/GSH ratio (blue bar) (one-way ANOVA: F_2,9 = 8.0, p < 0.01; Bonferroni post-hoc: p < 0.01, water drinking versus ethanol-vehicle; p < 0.02, ethanol-secretome versus ethanol-vehicle; n = 5 per group). d Chronic nicotine-drinking rats treated with vehicle displayed an increased GSSG/GSH ratio (red bar) versus naïve rats drinking only water (black bar). A single intranasal dose of secretome administered to nicotine-drinking rats resulted in a full normalization of the GSSG/GSH ratio (blue bar, one-way ANOVA: F_2,9 = 34.0, p < 0.0001; Bonferroni post-hoc: p < 0.01, water drinking versus ethanol-vehicle; p < 0.02, ethanol-secretome versus ethanol-vehicle; n = 5 per group)