Table 2.
Association between study variables and early arrival at emergency department
| Study variables | Early n (%) | Late n (%) | Odds ratio (OR) | 95% C.I. | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | < 60 | 18 (39.1) | 56 (30.8) | 1.44 | 0.74–2.8 | 0.18 |
| > 60 | 28 (60.9) | 126 (69.2) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Sex | Male | 25 (54.3) | 96 (52.7) | 1.066 | 0.56–2.04 | 0.49 |
| Female | 21 (45.7) | 86 (47.3) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Time of onset | 7 am-7 pm | 40 (87) | 113 (62.1) | 4.07 | 1.65–10.1 | 0.001 |
| 7 pm-7 am | 6 (13) | 69 (37.9) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Day of onset | Weekday | 41 (89.1) | 142 (78) | 2.31 | 0.85–6.23 | 0.064 |
| Holiday | 5 (10.9) | 40 (22) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Location | Home | 42 (91.3) | 150 (82.4) | 2.24 | 0.75–6.6 | 0.101 |
| Outside home | 4 (8.7) | 32 (17.6) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Identification of stroke | Yes | 26 (56.5) | 10 (5.5) | 22.36 | 9.42–53.04 | 0.000 |
| No | 20 (43.5) | 172 (94.5) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Facial palsy | Yes | 33 (71.7) | 61 (33.5) | 5.03 | 2.47–10.26 | 0.000 |
| No | 13 (28.3) | 121 (66.5) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Visual disturbances | Yes | 3 (6.55) | 20 (11) | 0.563 | 0.16–1.99 | 0.276 |
| No | 43 (93.45) | 162 (89) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Limb weakness | Yes | 32 (69.6) | 122 (67) | 1.124 | 0.56–2.26 | 0.445 |
| No | 14 (30.4) | 60 (33) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Speech disturbances | Yes | 37 (80.4) | 116 (63.7) | 2.34 | 1.06–5.1 | 0.021 |
| No | 9 (19.6) | 66 (36.3) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Sensory | Yes | 1 (2.2) | 10 (5.5) | 0.382 | 0.05–3.06 | 0.31 |
| No | 45 (97.8) | 172 (94.5) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Headache | Yes | 10 (21.7) | 29 (15.9) | 1.46 | 0.65–3.27 | 0.233 |
| No | 36 (78.3) | 153 (84.1) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Unconsciousness | Yes | 3 (6.5) | 31 (17) | 0.34 | 0.1–1.1 | 0.053 |
| No | 43 (93.5) | 151 (83) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Response of symptoms | Rush to emergency | 29 (63) | 67 (36.8) | 2.93 | 1.5–5.7 | 0.001 |
| Wait for symptoms to subside | 17 (37) | 115 (63.2) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Awareness of stroke treatment | Yes | 25 (54.3) | 19 (10.4) | 10.21 | 4.8–21.6 | 0.000 |
| No | 21 (45.7) | 163 (89.6) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Presentation to ER | Direct | 33 (71.7) | 68 (37.4) | 4.2 | 2.09–8.66 | 0.000 |
| Referral | 13 (28.3) | 114 (62.6) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Transportation | Ambulance | 19 (41.3) | 51 (28) | 1.8 | 0.92–3.5 | 0.06 |
| Others | 27 (28.7) | 131 (72) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Traffic jam | Present | 10 (21.7) | 97 (53.3) | 0.243 | 0.11–0.52 | 0.000 |
| Not present | 36 (78.3) | 85 (46.7) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Distance from hospital | < 20 KM | 34 (73.9) | 48 (26.4) | 7.9 | 3.8–16.5 | 0.000 |
| > 20 KM | 12 (26.1) | 134 (73.6) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Education | Above high school | 16 (34.8) | 18 (9.9) | 4.85 | 2.2–10.5 | 0.000 |
| Below high school | 30 (65.2) | 164 (90.1) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Income | < 1 lacks per annum | 32 (69.6) | 90 (49.5) | 0.42 | 0.21–0.85 | 0.011 |
| > 1 lacks per annum | 14 (30.4) | 92 (50.5) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Hypertension | Yes | 29 (63) | 99 (54.4) | 1.43 | 0.73–2.7 | 0.187 |
| No | 17 (37) | 83 (45.6) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | Yes | 3 (6.5) | 37 (20.3) | 0.273 | 0.08–0.9 | 0.018 |
| No | 43 (93.5) | 145 (79.7) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Smoking | Yes | 11 (23.9) | 55 (30.2) | 0.72 | 0.35–1.5 | 0.257 |
| No | 35 (76.1) | 127 (69.8) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Alcohol consumption | Yes | 15 (32.6) | 47 (25.8) | 1.4 | 0.7–2.8 | 0.228 |
| No | 31 (63.4) | 135 (74.2) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Coronary arterial disease | Yes | 5 (10.9) | 16 (8.8) | 1.26 | 0.43–3.6 | 0.422 |
| No | 41 (89.1) | 166 (91.2) | 1 | Reference | ||
| History of stroke | Present | 9 (19.6) | 18 (9.9) | 2.21 | 0.92–5.3 | 0.06 |
| Not present | 37 (80.4) | 164 (90.1) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Baseline score at admission (mean ± SD) | mRS | 3.02 ± 1.42 | 3.36 ± 1.37 | NA | NA | 0.143 |
| NIHSS | 7.58 ± 3.87 | 8.06 ± 5.26 | NA | NA | 0.568 | |