Table 1.

Conditions Causing Foraminal Neuropathy

Extraforaminal etiology: foraminal stenosis

Congenital

Idiopathic

Achondroplasia

Spinal dysraphism

Segmentation failure

Osteopetrosis

Developmental

Early vertebral arch ossification

Shortened pedicles

Thoracolumbar kyphosis

Apical vertebral wedging

Morquio syndrome

Osseous exostosis

Acquired

Disc disorders with bulging or herniation

Degenerative disc disease

Osteoarthritis

Spondylolisthesis

Scoliosis

Hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum

Pedicular hypertrophy

Facet arthritis and hypertrophy

Facet joint cyst

Osteophytes

Compression fracture

Paget’s disease

Ankylosing spondylitis

Post-traumatic

Post-surgery

Neoplasm

Intraforaminal etiology

Fibrosis

Epidural/foraminal inflammation

Degenerative spinal disorders

Post-surgery

Transforaminal ligament

Hypertrophy

Calcification/ossification