Table 1. Summary of the clinical signs used to detect the particular diseases during the colony inspections.
| Disease | Clinical symptoms | Sample matrix | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| American Foulbrood (AFB) | patchy brood pattern, cell cappings concave, punctured or discolored, glue-like larval remains (shown by the match stick test for ropiness), typical AFB smell, tightly adherent scales | brood sample with symptoms | [18–20] |
| Chalkbrood | chalkbrood mummies (white or gray) loosely in brood cells*, chalkbrood mummies on the bottom board*, patchy brood pattern | no sample, on-site diagnosis | [21, 22] |
| Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV) | black and shiny bees, loss of hair, trembling motion of wings and body, rejected bees and crowded entrance, bees are unable to fly and crawl on the ground in front of the hive, signs of diarrhea | 10 bees with symptoms | [23, 24] |
| European Foulbrood (EFB) | patchy brood pattern, cell cappings punctured, color of larvae turns to yellow and brown, larvae are displaced inside the cell, slumped larvae, loose scales, discolored dead larvae in open brood cells, sour or foul smell | brood sample with symptoms | [22, 25] |
| Nosemosis | dead or flightless bees in front of the hive, fecal marks, bees with dilated abdomens, depopulation | 30 bees with symptoms | [26] |
| Sacbrood | dead larvae with saclike appearance and fluid under larval skin*, ‘gondola-shaped’ scales*, patchy brood pattern, cell cappings punctured | no sample, on-site diagnosis | [24, 27] |
| Varroosis | varroa mites on adult bees*, bees with deformed wings*, bees with deformed abdomens, patchy brood pattern, brood cell cappings punctured, discolored larvae/pupae, dead larvae/pupae, varroa mites embedded in wax cappings of brood cells* | no sample, on-site diagnosis | [22, 24] |
* Typical symptoms for identifying the bee diseases Chalkbrood, Sacbrood and Varroosis, which were identified directly in the apiary without any lab analysis.