Table 3.

Characteristics of the study population (n=470) by age group (n/%)

	≥5 to <18 years		≥18 to <45 years		45+ years		Total
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
All	165	100	195	100	110	100	470	100
Gender
Male	85	51.5	86	44.1	52	47.3	223	47.4
Female	80	48.5	109	55.9	58	52.7	247	52.6
Education level
Low	122	73.9	45	23.1	59	53.6	226	48.1
High	43	26.1	150	76.9	51	46.4	244	51.9
Area of residence
Rural	43	26.1	49	25.1	33	30.0	125	26.6
Urban	122	73.9	146	74.9	77	70.0	345	73.4
Obesity indices
BMI
Underweight	83	50.3	29	14.9	9	8.18	121	25.7
Normal weight	73	44.2	106	54.4	46	41.8	225	47.9
Overweight/obese	9	5.45	60	30.8	55	50.0	124	26.4
WC
Normal	165	100	141	72.2	47	42.7	353	75.1
High*	0	0	54	27.7	63	57.3	117	24.9
BF%
Normal	157	95.2	121	62.1	46	41.8	324	69.0
High†	8	4.86	74	37.9	64	58.2	146	31.1
Hypertension
Normal	123	74.5	76	39.0	10	9.09	209	44.5
Prehypertension	25	15.8	89	45.6	31	28.2	146	31.1
Hypertension	16	9.70	30	15.4	69	62.7	115	24.5
Hypertension medication‡
Yes	1	0.61	12	6.38	10	9.43	23	5.02
No	163	99.4	176	93.6	96	90.6	435	95.0
Dyslipidemia§
TC
Normal	161	97.6	183	93.8	102	92.7	446	94.9
High	4	2.42	12	6.15	8	7.27	24	5.11
TG
Normal	157	95.2	186	95.4	105	95.5	448	95.3
High	8	4.85	9	4.62	5	4.55	22	4.68
HDL-C
Normal	126	76.4	128	65.6	78	70.9	332	70.5
Low	39	23.6	67	34.4	32	29.1	138	29.4
LDL-C
Normal	141	85.5	163	83.6	66	60.0	370	78.7
High	24	14.5	32	16.4	44	40.0	100	21.3
Diabetes markers¶
HbA1c
Normal	142	86.1	166	85.1	72	65.5	380	80.9
High	23	13.9	29	14.9	38	34.5	90	19.1
Plasma glucose
Normal	136	82.4	167	85.6	88	80.0	391	83.2
High	29	17.6	28	14.4	22	20.0	79	16.8
HOMA-IR
Normal	162	98.2	193	99.0	109	99.1	464	98.7
High	3	1.82	2	1.03	1	0.91	6	1.28

*High WC was defined as WC ≥90th percentile for children <10 years.³³ Adolescents between 10 and 16 years and adults >16 years WC >94 cm for men and >80 cm for women according to IDF cut-off.³⁴

†High BF% for adults (overweight/obese) ≥20 for men and ≥32 for women according to (NIH/WHO) BMI guidelines³⁶ and ≥85th percentile for children.³⁵

‡Missing information from 12 participants (n=458).

§High dyslipidemia for adults; was defined as total serum cholesterol (≥6.2 mmol/L) and LDL-C (≥3.4 mmol/L),¹¹ low HDL-C <1.03 mmol/L in men or <1.29 mmol/L in women with hypertriglyceridemia (≥1.7 mmol/L)³⁴ and for children according to IDEFICS study.³⁹

¶High diabetes risk markers; high HbA1c (>6.1%),⁴⁶ high FPG (≥5.6 mmol/L)³⁴ and HOMA-IR >4.65 or >3.60 and BMI >27.5 kg/m^{2 43} and for children with high HbA1c (≥97.5th percentile), high FPG ≥95th percentile and HOMA-IR ≥95th percentile.

BF%, body fat per cent; BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference.