TABLE 5.
Differences in pathways that may mediate vasodilation
| Hydrochlorothiazide | Chlorthalidone | Indapamide | |
| Effect on Kca channels [96,97] | + | ND | – |
| Desensitization to calcium via RhoA and Rho kinase [98] | + | + | ND |
| Calcium channel antagonism [99] | – | – | + |
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibition [100,101,102,103] | + | +++ | ++ |
| Increase in urinary prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2a [104,105] | ND | + | + |
| VEGF-C and TGF-β3 transcription decrease [106] | ND | + | ND |
| Oxidative stress reduction [107,108,109] | – | – | + |
| Platelet aggregation reduction [106,110] | – | + | + |
Kca, potassium-activated calcium; ND, no data; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; PGF2a, prostaglandin F2alpha; TGF, transforming growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.