Table 1.

Half-lives or residence times of select OA therapeutics after intra-articular administration illustrate the short dwell time in the joint.

Substance	Time in joint	Model	Ref.
Albumin	1 hr (t½)	Human OA	[12]
NSAIDs	1 – 5 hrs	Human RA	[13]
Lidocaine	1.5 hrs (t½)	Human	[14]
Anakinra	4 hrs (t½)	Human	[15]
Lubricin	4.5 hrs	Rat	[16]
Hyaluronic Acid	12 – 24 hrs	Rabbit, sheep, horse	[17]