Table 2.
Commercially available skin equivalents
| In Vitro Epidermal Skin Equivalents | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model Name | Company | Product Description | Application for Testing |
| SkinEthic Rhe (Reconstructed Human Epidermis)® | SkinEthic | Culture of human keratinocytes on polycarbonate filter in chemical based medium [66] | Skin corrosiveness, skin irritation, UV exposure, bacterial adhesion, DNA damage, omics, permeation [75] |
| Episkin® | SkinEthic | Culture of human keratinocytes on collagen base leading to reconstruction of epidermis with stratum corneum [66] | Skin corrosiveness, skin irritation, UV exposure, bacterial adhesion, DNA damage, omics, permeation [76] |
| Epiderm® | MatTek | Culture of neonatal human-derived epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) forming differential mimic of human epidermis [66] | Skin corrosiveness skin irritation, hydration, genotoxicity, dermal drug delivery, phototoxicity [77] |
| Epidermal Skin Test 1000® | CellSystems Biotechnologie GmbH | Reconstructed skin equivalent from primary human filter [80] keratinocytes resulting in cornified skin layers and multi-layer differentiation [66] | Skin corrosiveness [78] |
| CreativeBioArray Reconstructed Human Epidermis | Creative Bioarray | Human keratinocytes cultured on inert polycarbonate filter in medium; present with specific markers including filaggrin, involucrin, loricrin, keratin 10, and keratin 5 [79] | Skin hydration, skin irritation, skin corrosion, UV exposure, DNA damage, omics, permeability [79] |
| Biomimiq Epidermal Skin Model | Biomimiq | Eight epidermal cell layers through culture of primary human keratinocytes aired on inert acellular filter [80] | Toxicity, skin infection, skin corrosiveness and skin irritation testing [80] |
| RHE/001 | StratiCell | Polycarbonate cell-seeded filters in culture media reconstituted to match native epidermis [81] | Penetration, absorption, and mechanical testing [81] |
| VitroSkin | IMS Inc. | Formulated substrate that mimics skin topography, pH, critical surface tension, and ionic strength [82] | SPF/UVA testing, cosmetics, tanning development [82] |
| In Vitro Full Thickness Skin Equivalents | |||
| Epiderm FT® | MatTek | Co-culture of neonatal human-derived dermal fibroblasts (NHFB) and NHEK mimicking both epidermic and dermis | Anti-aging, wound healing, skin hydration, UV protection [77] |
| StrataTest® | StrataTech | Culture of near-diploid human keratinocytes cell line [NIKS] | Toxicology, chemical and physical tissue damage [83] |
| Advanced Skin Test 2000® | CellSystems Biotechnologie GmbH | Embedded fibroblasts with superficial layer of keratinocytes resulting in full thickness epidermal/dermal equivalent | Pharmaceutical and chemical compound testing, toxicity, skin irritation [84] |
| CreativeBioArray Full Thickness Model | Creative Bioarray | Dermal compartment of human skin fibroblasts in collagen matrix and human keratinocytes with markers including filaggrin, involucrin, loricrin, and decorin [85] | Skin irritation, skin sensitization, genotoxicity, pigmentation, anti-aging, stress/inflammation [85] |
| NativeSkin | Genoskin | Round human skin biopsies prepared for long term testing and resilience in testing [86] | Topological testing, skin hydration and evaluation |
| 3D Skin Model | Cell Applications Inc. | Three dimensional system of human epidermal Culture of human epidermal keratinocytes and dermal keratinocytes stratified to squaous epithelium [87] | Skin irritation, phototoxicity, absorption, penetration, wound healing [87] |
| Clinical Skin Equivalents | |||
| Apligraf® | Organogenesis | Dermal matrix based combination of fibroblasts, collagen, and keratinocyte seeding to mimic epidermal skin layer | Chronic wound healing includes protective tissue and proteins [88] |
| Epicel® | Genzyme | Ex vivo growth of autologous keratinocytes with murine fibroblasts | Autologous wound healing for burn patients [89] |
| Orcel® | FortiCell Bioscience | Culture of human epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts on Type I bovine collagen sponge | Limb wound healing from skin ulcers or diabetes [90] |
| Integra® Regeneration Dermal Template | Integra Lifesciences | Porous bovine collagen and glycosaminoglycan covered with thin silicone film | Deep partial thickness or full thickness burn injuries and reconstructive surgery applications [91] |
| Ex Vivo Skin | StratiCell | Ex vivo post abdominal surgery derived model [92] | Percutaneous absorption study [92] |