Figure 1.

Common bone defect models for modeling infection study. (a) Sclerotherapy involves the introduction of compound such as sodium morrhuate, that causes necrosis at the surface of bone before introduction of bacteria (green). (b) Open fractures are typically induced through the use of a tool such as a 3-point bending (indicated with black triangles), after which is stabilized using either an internal or external fixation device. (c) Segmental defect occurs when a critically-sized segment of bone is removed, after which support is provided either through an internal or external fixation device (exception being when either the ulna or radius is involved).