Table 4.
Results from ANOVAs on time (pre, post) × environment (nature, urban) effects (A), and time × environment × order (nature 1st, urban 1st) effects (B), on BDS, for studies with environment as a within-subjects factor.
| A. TIME (PRE, POST) * ENVIRONMENT (NATURE, URBAN) EFFECTS ON BDS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source | Type III sum of squares | df | Mean square | F | p | |
| Within-subjects contrasts: | ||||||
| Environment | 9.880 | 1 | 9.880 | 2.691 | 0.102 | 0.009 |
| Error(Environment) | 1105.135 | 301 | 3.672 | |||
| Time | 103.885 | 1 | 103.885 | 48.069 | 0.000 | 0.138 |
| Error(Time) | 650.506 | 301 | 2.161 | |||
| Environment * Time | 12.070 | 1 | 12.070 | 5.418 | 0.021 | 0.018 |
| Error(Environment *Time) | 670.571 | 301 | 2.228 | |||
| B. TIME (PRE, POST) * ENVIRONMENT (NATURE, URBAN) * ORDER (NATURE 1ST, URBAN 1ST) EFFECTS ON BDS | ||||||
| Within-subjects contrasts: | ||||||
| Environment | 8.769 | 1 | 8.769 | 2.869 | 0.091 | 0.009 |
| Environment * Order | 188.229 | 1 | 188.229 | 61.586 | 0.000 | 0.170 |
| Error(Environment) | 916.906 | 300 | 3.056 | |||
| Time | 103.079 | 1 | 103.079 | 48.170 | 0.000 | 0.138 |
| Time * Order | 8.540 | 1 | 8.540 | 3.991 | 0.047 | 0.013 |
| Error(Time) | 641.966 | 300 | 2.140 | |||
| Environment * Time | 12.638 | 1 | 12.638 | 5.989 | 0.015 | 0.020 |
| Environment * Time * Order | 37.511 | 1 | 37.511 | 17.776 | 0.000 | 0.056 |
| Error(Environment *Time) | 633.060 | 300 | 2.110 | |||
| Between-subjects contrasts: | ||||||
| Intercept | 103475.168 | 1 | 103475.168 | 5094.677 | 0.000 | 0.944 |
| Order | 58.410 | 1 | 58.410 | 2.876 | 0.091 | 0.009 |
| Error | 6093.135 | 300 | 20.310 | |||
The results for the time × environment interaction and the time × environment × order interaction are marked in bold.