Table 6.
Results from ANOVAs on time (pre, post) × environment (nature, urban) × order (nature 1st, urban 1st) effects on positive affect and negative affect, for study samples with environment as a Within-subjects factor.
| A. RESULTS FOR POSITIVE AFFECT | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent measure: Positive affect | ||||||
| Source | Type III sum of squares | df | Mean square | F | p | ηp2 |
| Within-subjects contrasts: | ||||||
| Time | 0.026 | 1 | 0.026 | 0.061 | 0.805 | 0.000 |
| Time * Order | 0.466 | 1 | 0.466 | 1.093 | 0.297 | 0.004 |
| Error(time) | 125.668 | 295 | 0.426 | |||
| Environment | 0.818 | 1 | 0.818 | 2.605 | 0.108 | 0.009 |
| Environment * Order | 13.385 | 1 | 13.385 | 42.649 | 0.000 | 0.126 |
| Error(Environment) | 92.581 | 295 | 0.314 | |||
| Time * Environment | 1.643 | 1 | 1.643 | 13.684 | 0.000 | 0.044 |
| Time * Environment * Order | 1.553 | 1 | 1.553 | 12.933 | 0.000 | 0.042 |
| Error(time*Environment) | 35.413 | 295 | 0.120 | |||
| Between-subjects effects: | ||||||
| Intercept | 7358.059 | 1 | 7358.059 | 4083.300 | 0.000 | 0.933 |
| Order | 1.505 | 1 | 1.505 | 0.835 | 0.362 | 0.003 |
| Error | 531.587 | 295 | 1.802 | |||
| B. RESULTS FOR NEGATIVE AFFECT | ||||||
| Dependent measure: Negative affect | ||||||
| Within-subjects contrasts: | ||||||
| Time | 4.921 | 1 | 4.921 | 28.215 | 0.000 | 0.090 |
| Time * Order | 0.036 | 1 | 0.036 | 0.207 | 0.649 | 0.001 |
| Error(time) | 49.707 | 285 | 0.174 | |||
| Environment | 0.852 | 1 | 0.852 | 5.274 | 0.022 | 0.018 |
| Environment * Order | 0.087 | 1 | 0.087 | 0.541 | 0.463 | 0.002 |
| Error(Environment) | 46.028 | 285 | 0.162 | |||
| Time * Environment | 0.129 | 1 | 0.129 | 1.574 | 0.211 | 0.005 |
| Time * Environment * Order | 0.029 | 1 | 0.029 | 0.355 | 0.552 | 0.001 |
| Error(time*Environment) | 23.380 | 285 | 0.082 | |||
| Between-subjects effects: | ||||||
| Intercept | 2370.513 | 1 | 2370.513 | 2687.872 | 0.000 | 0.904 |
| Order | 1.582 | 1 | 1.582 | 1.794 | 0.181 | 0.006 |
| Error | 251.350 | 285 | 0.882 | |||
The results for the time × environment interaction and the time × environment × order interaction are marked in bold.